BOS DRAFT 3COMP.PDF

Board of 
Supervisors Draft
May 20, 2026

Acknowledgments
Board of Supervisors
Kate Brophy McGee – District 3 (Chair)
Debbie Lesko – District 4 (Vice Chair)
Mark Stewart – District 1
Thomas Galvin – District 2
Steve Gallardo – District 5
Planning and Zoning Commission
Spike Lawrence – District 1
Jimmy Lindblom – District 1
Alex Finter – District 2
Linda Milhaven – District 2 (Chair)
Derrik Rochwalik – District 3
Warren Whitney – District 3
Mihai Toma – District 4
Jan Leighton – District 4
Erik Hernandez – District 5 (Vice Chair)
Kevin Danzeisen – District 5
Framework 2040 Project Team
Jen Pokorski, AICP, County Manager 
Darcy Kober, Assistant County Manager
Tom Ellsworth, AICP, Director, Planning & Development Department
Darren Gérard, AICP, Deputy Director, Planning & Development Department
Rachel Applegate, Planning Supervisor
Adam Cannon, AICP, Senior Planner (Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan Project Manager)
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
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For providing technical and professional review and expertise, special thank you to the following Maricopa County 
departments and external agencies and organizations:
Most importantly, Maricopa County thanks all the citizens; property owners; community and business organizations; federal, 
state and local agencies; and all other stakeholders that provided input on the Comprehensive Plan. Thank you for your 
effort and commitment to helping make the Maricopa County Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan an effective guide for 
making Maricopa County one of the best in the nation!
Maricopa County Air Quality Department
Maricopa County Department of Emergency Management 
Maricopa County Department of Enterprise Technology & 
Innovation 
Maricopa County Department of Public Health
Maricopa County Department of Transportation
Maricopa County Environmental Services Department
Maricopa County Flood Control District
Maricopa County Government Relations
Maricopa County Human Services Department
Maricopa County Industrial Development Authority
Maricopa County Library District
Maricopa County Office of Communications
Maricopa County Office of Management & Budget
Maricopa County Parks & Recreation Department
Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
Arizona Department of Transportation
Arizona Department of Water Resources
Arizona Game and Fish Department
Arizona Public Service 
Arizona Rock Products Association 
Arizona State Land Department
Bureau of Land Management
County Supervisors Association of Arizona
Greater Phoenix Economic Council
Home Builders Association of Central Arizona
Luke Air Force Base 
Maricopa Association of Governments
Salt River Project
The Consultant Team for the Comprehensive Plan was led by
with assistance from
Small Giants Marketing Agency
The Barnhart Company
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Acknowledgments

2
3
4
1
5
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Public Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Plan Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Municipal-Rural Influence Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Plan Goals & Policies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
The Reason for Planning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
History of Planning in Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Statutory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Vision, Mission, and Strategic Priorities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The Importance of the Comprehensive Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Comprehensive Plan Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Public Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Guiding Themes & Desired Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The Comprehensive Plan in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
How Framework 2040 Relates to County Area Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
How Framework 2040 Relates to Other Plans, Ordinances, 
& Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Relating to Other Jurisdictions’ Plans  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Maricopa County Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Maricopa County Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Maricopa County Demographics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Maricopa County Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Table of Contents
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FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan

6
7
8
9
10
Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Growth Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Open Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
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14
A
11
12
Table of Contents
Water Resources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Strategies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Cost of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Planning Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Comprehensive Plan Adoption, Readoption, 
and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Comprehensive Plan Adoption & Amendment Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . 224
County Area Plan Adoption & Readoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Amendment Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Amendment Procedures (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
Appendix I: Glossary of Defined Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Appendix II: Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Appendix III: Public Participation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Continued from previous page
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
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List of Maps
Map 1.  Regional Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Map 2.  Maricopa County Area of Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Map 3.  Land Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Map 4.  Growth Trends in Unincorporated Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Map 5.  Existing Land Utilization Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Map 6.  Maricopa County Area Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Map 7.  County Islands in Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Map 8.  Military Bases and Decibel Contour Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Map 9.  Military Installation, Range, or Arizona National Guard Site Influence Areas . . . . . . . . . 83
Map 10.  Aggregates in Maricopa County Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Map 11.  Fire Districts in Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Map 12.  Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Map 13.  Scenic Corridors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Map 14.  The Areas of Municipal Influence and Rural Influence in Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . 95
Map 15.  Maricopa County Land Use Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Map 16.  MCDOT Functional Classification (Existing and Future)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Map 17.  Future Planned Freeway Facility Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Map 18.  Floodplain Management in Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Map 19.  Wildlife Connectivity in Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Map 20.  Extent Land Subsidence Features in Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Map 21.  Future Growth Hot Spot Growth Projection in Unincorporated Maricopa County . . . 171
Map 22.  County Parks and Trails Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Map 23.  Energy Generation Facilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
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Table of Contents
List of Figures
Figure 1.  Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 2.  Age Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 3.  Generational Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 4.  Race and Ethnicity in Unincorporated Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 5.  Unincorporated Maricopa County Population Projection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 6.  Population Projection Comparison  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 7.  Existing Land Utilization Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Figure 8.  Median Household Income and Home Value in Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Figure 9.  Percentage of Maricopa County Cost-Burdened Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Figure 10.  Unincorporated Maricopa County Housing Units Construction by Decade . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 11.  Municipal-Rural Influence Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Figure 12.  Summary of Sidewalk Facilities in Unincorporated Maricopa County . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Figure 13.  Ozone, PM2.5, and PM10 Exceedance Days in Maricopa County per Year  . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 14.  Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Figure 15.  Employment Growth Rate per Decade, 2020 - 2060 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Figure 16.  Workforce Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Figure 17.  Unemployment Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 18.  Worker Commute Flow  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 19.  Source of Water in Phoenix AMA (in acre-feet), 2019 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Figure 20.  Water Demand in Phoenix AMA (in acre-feet), 2019 Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Figure 21.  Public Participation Process: County Initiated-Planning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Figure 22.  Public Participation Process: Comprehensive Plan Amendments 
& Development Master Plan Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Continued from previous page
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
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List of Tables
Table 1.  Plan Goals and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 2.  Land Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 3.  Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Table 4.  Annexations of Unincorporated Maricopa County and Population Density . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 5.  Existing Land Utilization in Unincorporated Maricopa County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 6.  Urban Service and Infrastructure Considerations by Land Use Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Table 7.  Land Use Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Table 8.  MCDOT Roadway Functional Classifications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Table 9.  Maricopa County Bicycle Facility Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Table 10.  Employment Projections by RAZ by MPA, 2020-2060  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Table 11.  Maricopa County Employment by Industry Sector, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Table 12.  Maricopa County Industry Employment Projections by Sector, 2022-2032  . . . . . . . 156
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1
Executive 
Summary

In This Summary
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Public Engagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Plan Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Municipal-Rural Influence Framework. . . . . . . . . 14
Plan Goals & Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

H1
The Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan is Maricopa 
County’s official guide for shaping growth and development 
in its unincorporated areas over the next 10-20 years. This 
Plan provides a strategic foundation for evaluating past 
trends, understanding current conditions, and charting a 
clear, forward-looking path for the future.
Introduction
Developed in accordance with Arizona statutory requirements, the Comprehensive Plan 
establishes a cohesive policy structure that promotes responsible land use, safeguards 
public health and safety, and commits to meeting needs of the unincorporated areas 
while ensuring the prudent use of public resources. Through the Comprehensive Plan, 
Maricopa County seeks to balance maintaining opportunity for future generations 
with stewardship of the County’s natural systems and open spaces, in a manner that 
supports long-term prosperity.
To help provide these outcomes with quality and consistency, Maricopa County uses 
unifying vision and mission statements along with several strategic priorities.
	
„ Vision: Citizens serving citizens collaboratively, efficiently, and effectively.
	
„ Mission: Provide regional leadership and fiscally responsible services for a healthy, 
safe community.
	
„ Strategic Priorities: Safe communities, best-in-class regional services, efficient 
infrastructure, economic vitality, and fiscal stability.
Public Engagement
Framework 2040 represents the culmination of a two-year planning effort launched 
in spring 2024. Central to this planning process was an extensive and inclusive public 
engagement strategy designed to ensure community voices shaped long-term priorities 
and planning direction. Countywide outreach included:
	
„ 13 public meetings, 3 virtual events, 2,400+ surveys, and multiple interactive web-
based engagement tools. 
	
„ Top community priorities centered around: preserving open space, expanding 
recreation, ensuring water security, improving public safety, and supporting 
economic opportunities.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
12

Plan Elements
The Comprehensive Plan addresses nine critical overarching topics that influence future growth and development 
across unincorporated Maricopa County. These topics, referred to as “elements” in the Comprehensive Plan, explore 
key issues that guide the goals and policies shaping informed, effective decision-making. Below is a brief overview of 
each element.
Land Use: 
Promote coordinated, high-quality development; protect public health and safety; maintain 
fiscal responsibility.
Transportation: 
Expand and maintain a multimodal network; coordinate future regional vehicular safety 
and capacity needs.
Environment: 
Improve air and water quality; protect sensitive lands; mitigate hazards (i.e. wildfire, 
flooding); preserve biodiversity.
Economic  
Growth: 
Diversify economy; support workforce development; attract innovation-driven industries.
Growth  
Areas: 
Assess the physical and social constraints and pressures for growth in the unincorporated 
area.
Open  
Space: 
Expand regional parks and trails; protect scenic corridors; maintain connectivity.
Water  
Resources: 
Contribute to the long-term water supply through support of conservation, reuse, and 
compliance with Assured Water Supply programs.
Energy: 
Support a comprehensive energy source development strategy in the region; encourage 
renewable energy and efficiency; plan for rising energy demand from technological 
advancement.
Cost of 
Development: 
Require new growth to fund infrastructure and services; maintain transparency and fiscal 
health.
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
13

The Municipal-Rural Influence 
Framework
The Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan introduces 
a new strategic framework for managing both urban 
and rural development across the unincorporated 
County’s vast and varied landscape. It is titled the 
Municipal-Rural Influence Framework, and it will 
function as the primary guidepost for development 
decisions. 
Municipal-Rural Influence 
Framework
Identifies two areas in unincorporated Maricopa County: 
	
„ Area 
of 
Municipal 
Influence: 
Areas 
capable 
of 
supporting urban or suburban context development 
provided necessary infrastructure and services are 
available. 
	
„ Area of Rural Influence: Areas more appropriate for rural 
land uses and character and preservation of natural 
landscape.
Urban Solutions for Urban 
Development (USUD) Strategy
The evaluative strategy that Maricopa County employs to: 
	
„ Evaluate infrastructure readiness (water, sewer, roads, 
emergency services) as part of considering urban 
development in unincorporated Maricopa County.
	
„ Gauge the ultimate feasibility of a Comprehensive Plan 
Amendment or zoning district change in unincorporated 
Maricopa County.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
14

Table 1.   Plan Goals and Policies
                 LAND USE
Land Use Goal #1: Achieve a coordinated pattern of development.
Goal Statement: Ensure that development across the County is well-planned and cohesive, promoting 
efficient land use and infrastructure, and leading to a more organized growth pattern. 
Land Use Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports phasing plans for new urban development to coordinate 
such development with new urban services and infrastructure.
Land Use Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports market feasibility studies, cost/benefit where warranted 
to help determine when new urban development in unincorporated areas is appropriate. 
Land Use Policy #1.3: Maricopa County supports considering the existence or readiness of urban 
services and infrastructure as a factor in the approval or denial of a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a 
Zoning District Change in accordance with the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy.
Land Use Policy #1.4: Maricopa County supports carefully evaluating development in areas where 
infrastructure and public services are limited or not planned, with consideration of long-term service 
delivery and fiscal impacts.
Land Use Policy #1.5: Maricopa County supports coordinating land use and infrastructure planning with 
state agencies, other counties, municipalities, relevant utilities, federal agencies, and other regulatory 
bodies. 
Land Use Policy #1.6: Maricopa County supports annexation of urban development in unincorporated 
Maricopa County by municipalities.
Land Use Policy #1.7: Maricopa County supports annexation of any unincorporated area of the County 
that is within a municipal planning area and completely surrounded by a municipality or municipalities.
Land Use Policy #1.8: Maricopa County supports the prevention of forming new County Islands.
Plan Goals & Policies
The following represents the Comprehensive Plan’s important goals and policies, listed in Table 1, organized based on 
their Chapter and Element order:
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
15

Land Use Policy #1.9: Maricopa County supports planning coordination with adjacent municipalities, 
landowners, and neighboring public community members for proposed development within County 
Islands or municipal planning areas.
Land Use Policy #1.10: Maricopa County supports considering the plans and projects of overlapping or 
neighboring agencies in the planning of unincorporated lands and invite comments and coordination 
when appropriate.
Land Use Policy #1.11: Maricopa County supports flexible design and zoning techniques within County 
Islands or municipal planning areas through pre-annexation agreements, as needed, to align future 
development with the standards and service expectations of the adjacent municipalities.
Land Use Policy #1.12: Maricopa County supports directing new urban development to the Urban Growth 
Area identified in this Plan and complying with the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy.
Land Use Policy #1.13: Maricopa County supports balanced land use patterns that include various 
residential, retail, non-retail employment, and public and civic land uses when appropriate urban services 
are available.
Land Use Policy #1.14: Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new urban development on 
existing rural land uses, including but not limited to, agriculture, mining, and forestry.
Land Use Policy #1.15: Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new rural development and 
new agriculture on existing urban land uses.
Land Use Policy #1.16: Maricopa County supports periodic reviews of the Area Plan Program and the 
individual Area Plans to assess relevance, implementation progress, and alignment with the Maricopa 
County Comprehensive Plan.
Land Use Policy #1.17: Maricopa County supports decommissioning an individual Area Plan upon Board 
consideration and approval if the amount of unincorporated land within the area equals less than 50% of 
the original total Area Plan limits.
Land Use Policy #1.18: Maricopa County supports requiring any Area Plan Update or new Area Plan to 
use the land use designations in the Comprehensive Plan.
Land Use Goal #2: Protect public health, safety, and well-being within unincorporated Maricopa County.
Goal Statement: Implementing land use policies that prioritize the health, safety, and overall well-being of 
residents is essential for creating desirable developments and destinations and maintaining a high quality 
of life for existing residents. 
Land Use Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports considering response times for public safety, fire, and 
other emergency responders in determining the feasibility of new development in unincorporated areas.
Land Use Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports public safety and security features included in the 
design of new and existing development to promote safe and active communities. 
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
16

Land Use Policy #2.3: Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new development on Maricopa 
County’s regional parks, the Maricopa Trail, and other public open spaces. 
Land Use Policy #2.4: Maricopa County supports interconnected trails, parks, preserves, open space, 
recreation centers, and similar features in new development areas where feasible. 
Land Use Policy #2.5: Maricopa County supports the preservation of known and potential sources of 
aggregates and related mining operations within its area of jurisdiction from sterilization by proximate 
incompatible land uses. 
Land Use Policy #2.6: Maricopa County supports land use buffers and land use transitions in urban/rural 
interface areas, including near aggregate mining operations, military installations, proving grounds, and 
the County’s regional parks.
Land Use Policy #2.7: Maricopa County supports the restoration of land to a beneficial condition on post-
aggregates mining reclamation sites, that may include future development if feasible considering site 
conditions and the compatibility of nearby land uses.
Land Use Policy #2.8: Maricopa County supports flexible design and zoning techniques when used to 
establish balanced and efficient land use patterns, and when used to protect important environmental 
and open space areas and the connections between these areas. 
Land Use Policy #2.9: Maricopa County supports the use of land use buffers and compatible land use 
strategies near existing and future high voltage electric utility line corridors in coordination with power 
utility companies. 
Land Use Policy #2.10: Maricopa County supports land use compatibility within the High Noise or 
Accident Potential Zone of Luke Air Force Base, Auxiliary Airfield #1, and the military auxiliary airfield near 
the town of Gila Bend. 
Land Use Policy #2.11: Maricopa County supports land use compatibility in the influence area of a 
military installation or range or Arizona national guard site.
Land Use Goal #3: Encourage high-quality development.
Goal Statement: Development projects that meet high standards of design and construction are key for 
enhancing the County’s aesthetic appeal and long-term viability.
Land Use Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports mixed housing options. 
Land Use Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports residential development that contributes to maintaining 
a long-term level of high quality of development.
Land Use Policy #3.3: Maricopa County supports steering housing in areas served by transportation 
networks, in close proximity to job centers, and where public services and infrastructure are available or 
readily available. 
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Land Use Policy #3.4: Maricopa County supports rehabilitation and/or abatement by private parties of 
substandard, nuisance, vacant, and/or abandoned homes, buildings and land to protect neighborhoods 
and property values. 
Land Use Policy #3.5: Maricopa County supports subdivisions rather than unregulated land divisions 
otherwise known as “wildcat” lot splits.
Land Use Policy #3.6: Maricopa County supports high-quality commercial centers and well-designed 
offices, business, and industrial parks in the Urban Growth Area with a preference for these developments 
to annex into a municipality.
Land Use Goal #4: Exercise sound financial management in land use decisions.
Goal Statement: Land use decisions that strengthen the County’s fiscal health and ensure long-term 
financial stability are important and central to the financially responsible planning aims of the County.
Land Use Policy #4.1: Maricopa County supports compliance with its capital improvement and other 
funding programs, except when reimbursement is made to the County for unplanned costs or when 
private capital is used for the provision of services and infrastructure. 
Land Use Policy #4.2: Maricopa County supports using homeowners’ associations and related 
organizations and improvement districts to manage and maintain services, infrastructure, and amenities 
to help limit impacts to taxpayers where appropriate.
Land Use Policy #4.3: Maricopa County supports using development agreements for large-scale urban 
development to help limit financial impacts to the County.
Land Use Goal #5: Provide regional leadership on land use issues.
Goal Statement: The County seeks to take a proactive and leading role in addressing land use challenges 
and setting standards for development in the region among the various jurisdictions in order to promote 
best practices in land use planning.
Land Use Policy #5.1: Maricopa County supports promoting awareness about the unique aspects of living 
in unincorporated areas. 
Land Use Policy #5.2: Maricopa County supports periodic reviews of the Maricopa County Zoning 
Ordinance and the initiation of specific amendments on an as needed basis.
Land Use Policy #5.3: Maricopa County supports periodic comprehensive updates of the Maricopa 
County Zoning Ordinance on an as needed basis. 
Land Use Policy #5.4: Maricopa County supports coordinated planning efforts between local, state, and 
federal agencies.
Land Use Policy #5.5: Maricopa County supports coordinating with the Arizona State Land Department in 
the planning and design of large-scale urban development in or adjacent to State Trust Land.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
18

TRANSPORTATION
Transportation Goal #1: Provide a comprehensive transportation system.
Goal Statement: Developing an integrated transportation network that meets the needs of all users is vital 
to ensure that the system is accessible, efficient, and well-connected.
Transportation Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports compliance with the County Department of 
Transportation’s currently adopted Transportation System Plan and its successor plans. 
Transportation Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports adherence to its Transportation Improvement 
Program and its successor programs. 
Transportation Policy #1.3: Maricopa County supports using the preferred funding methods identified 
in the Cost of Development element to pay for transportation improvements necessary for new 
development. 
Transportation Policy #1.4: Maricopa County supports new development funding unanticipated, 
accelerated and nonprogrammed improvements where such development requires deviation from the 
Transportation Improvement Program.
Transportation Policy #1.5: Maricopa County supports the preservation of rights-of-way, as necessary, 
to maintain and extend the grid system, to support the state’s development of the highway-interchange 
network, and to preserve the scenic corridors.
Transportation Policy #1.6: Maricopa County supports roadway planning that promotes identified scenic 
corridors and wildlife habitat linkages and connectivity where necessary.
Transportation Policy #1.7: Maricopa County supports public education efforts that assist in reducing air 
pollution.
Land Use Policy #5.6: Maricopa County supports working with state and federal agencies and utility 
companies on any changes to their land ownership boundaries that could lead to acquiring land for local 
public use.
Land Use Policy #5.7: Maricopa County supports coordinating with state and federal agencies and utility 
companies to address safety and security issues associated with new development near the Palo Verde 
Nuclear Generating Station.
Land Use Policy #5.8: Maricopa County supports the on-site incorporation of utility infrastructure by 
developers and corridors in large-scale urban development that are necessary to provide essential utility 
services to that development.
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
19

Transportation Goal #3: Support regional and interagency collaboration.
Goal Statement: Fostering collaboration among the transportation agencies in the region is critical to 
create and maintain a more effective, integrated, and functionally competitive transportation system.
Transportation Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports partnerships with municipalities in cost sharing 
and mutual financial support for road repairs and improvements. 
Transportation Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports municipal annexation of roads that are adjacent to 
County Islands. 
Transportation Policy #3.3: Maricopa County supports intergovernmental agreements that allow for 
municipal or private construction of roads in and passing through County Islands to the standards of the 
surrounding municipality where these roads are intended to be annexed by the municipality. 
Transportation Policy #3.4: Maricopa County supports partnerships with federal, state, and local 
governments and agencies for interjurisdictional traffic operations and management for the benefit of 
regional safety and mobility.
Transportation Policy #3.5: Maricopa County supports coordination between property owners to 
establish an agreement to maintain private ingress/egress.
Transportation Goal #2: Manage the transportation system to provide continual improvements in reliability, 
efficiency, and safety.
Goal Statement: Continuously improving the reliability, efficiency, and safety of the transportation system 
through active management is crucial to meet the community’s evolving needs.
Transportation Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports coordinating decisions on land use patterns and 
transportation investments that aim for a safe, efficient, and fiscally solvent transportation network. 
Transportation Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports designing new roadways to include pedestrian 
facilities separated from vehicular traffic with safe multimodal crossings on arterial roadways as 
necessary.
Transportation Policy #2.3: Maricopa County supports the inclusion or connection to alternative 
transportation in the design of existing and new urban development, as feasible and effective. Alternative 
transportation can include, but is not limited to, sidewalks, the Maricopa Trail and other trail connections, 
bicycle facility infrastructure, park-and-ride/public transit facilities, and other appropriate practices. 
Transportation Policy #2.4: Maricopa County supports using Intelligent Transportation Systems and 
Connected Vehicle technology for efficient and safe movement of people and goods.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
20

ENVIRONMENT
Environment Goal #1: Enhance the regional environmental quality for the overall well-being of the 
community.
Goal Statement: Improving the overall environmental quality through improvements in air quality and 
water quality and through the protection of natural resources is a benefit to the overall health of the 
region.
Environment Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports providing education, regulatory guidance, permitting, 
inspection, and enforcement services through the County Air Quality Department’s Strategic Plan and its 
Compliance Assurance model to assist in achieving compliance with federal air quality standards. 
Environment Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports the achievement and maintenance of federal air 
quality standards, including National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 
Environment Policy #1.3: Maricopa County supports incentive programs that promote implementing 
clean air technologies and addressing air quality issues throughout Maricopa County where feasible and 
effective. 
Environment Policy #1.4: Maricopa County supports compliance with its Drinking Water program and its 
Water and Wastewater Treatment program to protect water quality.
Environment Policy #1.5: Maricopa County supports a comprehensive program to control dust (PM10) 
particularly from unpaved roads, alleys, and parking lots.
Environment Policy #1.6: Maricopa County supports noise reductions in new development design and in 
the construction of new buildings where necessary or otherwise where feasible.
Environment Policy #1.7: Maricopa County supports enforcement of its Dark Sky Ordinance and supports 
regional efforts to limit excessive nighttime light.
Environment Goal #2: Support the protection of sensitive lands and environments. 
Goal Statement: The County aims to safeguard environmentally sensitive areas from the impacts of 
development in order to preserve natural habitats and rural landscapes while accommodating growth in 
the future.
Environment Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports planning future development while considering the 
prohibition of development within floodways and, where necessary, 100-year floodplains as delineated by 
the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 
Environment Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports the Military Compatible land use designation for 
High Noise or Accident Potential Zones, and compliance with state laws relating to land use compatibility 
and consistency with the high noise or accident potential of Luke Air Force Base and the ancillary military 
facilities. 
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Environment Goal #4: Strengthen the County’s preparedness for hazards.
Goal Statement: Strengthening the County’s ability to respond to hazards through effective planning 
and preparedness reduces regional risk and builds resilience to foreseen and unforeseen environmental 
threats.
Environment Policy #4.1: Maricopa County supports compliance with watercourse master studies and 
plans and area drainage master studies and plans.
Environment Policy #4.2: Maricopa County supports fire and wildfire prevention and mitigation measures 
in the design of development where necessary and appropriate.
Environment Policy #4.3: Maricopa County supports public education about the risks and limitations of 
developing in hazard-prone areas.
Environment Goal #5: Provide regional leadership to promote all aspects of regional environmental quality.
Goal Statement: Leading efforts to promote environmental quality across the region is a key objective to 
steering beneficial environmental stewardship.
Environment Policy #5.1: Maricopa County supports participating with local, state, and federal agencies 
on developing solutions for State Implementation Plans that have not been addressed. 
Environment Goal #3: Protect the natural biodiversity of the region.
Goal Statement: Protecting and promoting the region’s natural biodiversity is critical to conserving diverse 
species and habitats within the County to preserve an ecological balance.
Environment Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new development and 
urbanization on environmentally sensitive areas, including the habitats and migration corridors of native 
wildlife (both fauna and flora). 
Environment Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports innovative project design and development 
techniques that protect important plant and animal habitats, desert washes, and migration corridors. 
Environment Policy #3.3: Maricopa County supports completing resource and biological surveys and 
establishing needed mitigation measures prior to new development as directed by the Arizona Game and 
Fish Department and the State Historic Preservation Office.
Environment Policy #2.3: Maricopa County supports the Military Compatible land use designations within 
the influence area of a military installation or range or Arizona national guard site, and compliance with 
state laws relating to land use compatibility and consistency with the operation of the installation, range, 
or site and its influence area. 
Environment Policy #2.4: Maricopa County supports flexible zoning techniques when used to keep new 
development below the 15% hillside slope and to protect riparian areas. 
Environment Policy #2.5: Maricopa County supports using the hillside general design characteristics 
identified in this element.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
22

ECONOMIC GROWTH
Economic Growth Goal #1: Foster a diverse and balanced economy to promote long-term economic 
stability and economic resiliency.
Goal Statement: Aiming for a diverse and resilient economy to ensure long-term stability and growth is 
integral to creating a balanced economic environment that can withstand various economic challenges 
locally and externally.
Economic Growth Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports coordinated and balanced land use patterns 
that allow for both Basic and Non-basic sector businesses.
Economic Growth Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports assessing its regulations and processes to 
enhance effectiveness, ensure quality service, increase efficiency, and establish a competitive advantage.
Environment Policy #5.2: Maricopa County supports continuing to build relationships and collaborations 
between the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, and 
other partners in the effort to preserve ecosystems. 
Environment Policy #5.3: Maricopa County supports its Department of Emergency Management 
continuing to work closely with local, state, federal partners, and community organizations.
Environment Policy #5.4: Maricopa County supports implementing the Multi-jurisdictional Hazard 
Mitigation Plan to ensure a comprehensive and effective emergency management strategy for the region.
Economic Growth Goal #2: Support the growth of opportunity in the local and regional economies.
Goal Statement: Promoting initiatives that create economic opportunities for residents and businesses is 
crucial in elevating job creation, entrepreneurship, and economic mobility.
Economic Growth Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports partnerships with a variety of entities and 
stakeholders to increase business success and address community needs. 
Economic Growth Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports efforts to recruit prospective businesses and 
industries to the County and efforts to retain existing businesses and industries. 
Economic Growth Policy #2.3: Maricopa County supports the continuation and expansion of vocational, 
technical, and emerging career workforce training in the region.
Economic Growth Goal #3: Cultivate a thriving business environment that incubates and retains innovative 
companies.
Goal Statement: Attracting, retaining, and supporting innovative companies and a skilled workforce drives 
a dynamic and competitive business climate.
Economic Growth Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports implementing the Comprehensive Plan in a 
clear and consistent way to help businesses make long-term investment decisions.  
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
23

GROWTH AREAS
Growth Areas Goal #1: Address growth strategically to ensure orderly, compatible land use and reasonable 
development.
Goal Statement: Ensuring orderly and reasonable growth through effective development planning 
practices is crucial for providing the appropriate infrastructure needed to maintain a high quality of life.
Growth Areas Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports assurance of annexation, where feasible, of new 
urban development and redevelopment sites within its Urban Growth Area.
Growth Areas Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports planning for urban/rural interface transition areas 
between its Urban Growth Area and Rural Service Area.
Growth Areas Goal #2: Have urban growth that is consistent with the County’s Urban Growth Area, meets 
statutory requirements, and implements the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy.
Goal Statement: The County’s Urban Growth Area allows for the growth of infrastructure, services, and 
development according to the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy in order to protect the 
public’s health, safety, and well-being.
Growth Areas Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports consistent implementation of and compliance with 
its Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy in its Urban Growth Area.
Growth Areas Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports periodically evaluating the development 
constraints and considerations identified in this element to determine how they impact the Urban Growth 
Area, and whether they require reconsideration or modification.
Economic Growth Goal #4: Contribute to partnerships that advance an effective and integrated regional 
economy.
Goal Statement: Strengthening the County’s role in the broader regional economy through effective 
collaboration and integration emphasizes the importance of partnerships for regional economic success.
Economic Growth Policy #4.1: Maricopa County supports programs that provide citizens with the 
education and training necessary to attain careers in emerging and high-demand fields.
Economic Growth Policy #4.2: Maricopa County supports organizations and programs that attract a 
variety of Basic Sector industry clusters that have long-term, stable growth prospects.
Economic Growth Policy #4.3: Maricopa County supports the Maricopa County Industrial Development 
Authority, HOME Investment Partnerships Program, Community Development Block Grant program, and 
other economic opportunity incentive programs.
Economic Growth Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports an economic environment that promotes 
entrepreneurial activities and business formation. 
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
24

OPEN SPACE
Open Space Goal #1: Protect and expand the regional park system proportionately with population growth.
Goal Statement: Ensuring that the regional park system grows and integrates in proportion to meet the 
needs and demands for recreational opportunities in the natural landscapes and spaces of an increasing 
population in both the incorporated and unincorporated portions of Maricopa County.
Open Space Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports implementing the County Parks and Recreation 
Department’s currently adopted Parks, Open Space & Trail System Plan, and any successor plan.
Open Space Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports soft edge treatments along the perimeter of its 
regional parks, regional trail system, the El Rio corridor, and open space in unincorporated areas of the 
County.
Open Space Policy #1.3: Maricopa County will coordinate with the planning initiative that seeks to 
revitalize the Salt and Gila River corridors as vital ecological, cultural, and economic assets.
Open Space Policy #1.4: Maricopa County supports the mission and ongoing efforts of the Lower Gila 
River Collaborative, a voluntary partnership focused on restoring the Lower Gila River ecosystem while 
promoting stewardship, recreation, and compatible development.
Open Space Goal #2: Support access to both local and regional recreational opportunities and open space.
Goal Statement: Supporting appropriate public access to recreational lands and open spaces in 
the region outside of the County’s jurisdiction is important for providing opportunities for exercise, 
relaxation, enjoyment, and social interaction, while also supporting environmental conservation and local 
economies.
Open Space Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports new residential developments using the local park 
ratios identified in this Plan as a guide for the provision of local recreational amenities.
Open Space Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports user-based funding options for its regional park 
system and regional trail system to help maintain high-quality amenities and access.
Open Space Goal #3: Maintain the Maricopa Trail and the Maricopa County Regional Trail System.
Goal Statement: Continue to protect and enhance the Maricopa County Trail System in addition to 
working with regional municipalities to connect the trail system to their parks, preserves, and open space 
systems.
Open Space Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports dedication and improvement of trail right-of-way 
within new development, including the Maricopa Trail and Maricopa County Regional Trail System.
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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WATER RESOURCES
Water Resources Goal #1: Contribute to the endurance of the region’s water supply and its delivery.
Goal Statement: Supporting the local water providers’ efforts to secure the reliability and endurance of the 
region’s water supply ensures stability in water delivery necessary for planning future development and 
the needs of the community.
Water Resources Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports residential development that is subject to 
the requirements of the Arizona Department of Water Resources Assured and Adequate Water Supply 
programs.
Water Resources Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports water adequacy determinations for new 
subdivisions outside Active Management Areas.
Water Resources Policy #1.3: Maricopa County supports water conservation techniques in the planning 
and design of new development.
Water Resources Policy #1.4: Maricopa County supports low water use and drought-tolerant landscaping.
Open Space Goal #4: Provide regional leadership to promote the preservation of the desert landscape 
through protected recreational lands and open space.
Goal Statement: Leading efforts to preserve and conserve the natural landscape and wildlife habitats and 
corridors through protected recreational lands and open spaces is a primary objective for the flourishing 
of the unique environment of the Sonoran Desert for future generations. 
Open Space Policy #4.1: Maricopa County supports the protection of scenic corridors and views as 
outlined in adopted scenic corridor plans and in the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance.
Open Space Policy #4.2: Maricopa County supports partnering with municipalities to address edge 
treatments along the perimeter of regional parks and the regional trail system.
Open Space Policy #4.3: Maricopa County supports partnering with adjacent federal and state agencies 
to expand recreation opportunities and protect and preserve existing open space from development 
pressures where feasible.
Open Space Policy #4.4: Maricopa County supports partnering with adjacent federal and state agencies 
to promote responsible recreational activities and opportunities that aim to protect and preserve existing 
parks, recreation areas, public lands, and open spaces.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
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Water Resources Goal #3: Support and provide leadership for water conservation in the region.
Goal Statement: Leading initiatives to promote water conservation practices across the region is vital for 
supporting the efficient and prudent management of water resources in the desert Southwest.
Water Resources Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports informing the public about the importance and 
benefits of water conservation.
Water Resources Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports the collaboration of municipalities to implement 
best practices for water planning and conservation.
                ENERGY
Energy Goal #1: Support enhancing the stability and the development of the energy grid in the region.
Goal Statement: Improving the stability and reliability of the energy grid through resilient and dependable 
energy infrastructure to support current and future regional energy needs.
Energy Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports an all-of-the-above energy strategy that incorporates both 
traditional and alternative sources of energy to ensure that the energy supply is abundant and meets 
demand. 
Energy Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports expanding the energy generation supply and capacity to 
meet the increased needs from future growth.
Water Resources Goal #2: Promote and protect regional water quality.
Goal Statement: Focusing on initiatives and best practices to maintain and improve water quality for all 
users.
Water Resources Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports compliance with its Drinking Water Program and 
its Water and Wastewater Treatment Programs. 
Water Resources Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports renewable water use for landscape, park and 
common area irrigation; artificial lakes; and decorative water features.
Energy Goal #2: Increase energy efficiency through development patterns.
Goal Statement: Promoting development patterns that enhance energy efficiency is essential to reducing 
the rate of demand for new energy generation sources.
Energy Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports energy efficient design and construction of new 
development.
Energy Policy #2.2: Maricopa County supports energy conservation through balanced and efficient 
development patterns where residential, commercial and employment land uses with complementary 
compatibility are proximate.
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Energy Goal #4: Coordinate energy initiatives/programs in the region.
Goal Statement: Aligning energy initiatives/programs with jurisdictions both within and outside of 
Maricopa County ensures coordinated planning partnerships and viable development in the long-term. 
Energy Policy #4.1: Maricopa County supports incentive programs that promote energy efficiency where 
feasible and effective.
Energy Policy #4.2: Maricopa County supports efforts to assist businesses and individuals with 
renewable energy options and energy conservation.
Energy Goal #3: Support energy development in the region.
Goal Statement: Encouraging the development of energy resources through investment in local energy 
projects is requisite to support growth, development, and innovation within the region.
Energy Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports energy conservation and emissions reduction through 
allowing new development to provide alternative transportation options or connect to existing alternative 
transportation infrastructure.  
Energy Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports the utilization of traditional, alternative, and clean 
emission energy research and development. 
Energy Policy #3.3: Maricopa County supports the use of appropriate setbacks and buffers to residential 
uses from energy generation and/or energy storage facilities to prevent or lessen the impact from 
potential fires and other potential hazards.
Energy Policy #3.4: Maricopa County supports developing energy infrastructure using low-impact 
construction techniques and, where feasible, siting such energy infrastructure on previously disturbed 
locations for the benefit of local wildlife (including flora and fauna).
Energy Policy #3.5: Maricopa County supports appropriate buffers and setbacks to ecological and 
riparian habitats found along borders of significant washes and riverbanks from energy generation and/or 
storage facilities.
Energy Policy #3.6: Maricopa County supports responsible and timely decommissioning of solar energy 
generation and battery energy storage system facilities to ensure public safety, environmental protection, 
and restoration of land to a beneficial condition.
Energy Policy #2.3: Maricopa County supports energy conservation through having new urban 
development locate in cities and towns, and in the Urban Growth Area of the County identified in this Plan.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
28

Cost of Development Goal #2: Ensure transparency in financial reporting
Goal Statement: Providing clear and accurate financial information about the County to residents 
and stakeholders is key to maintaining transparency in financial reporting that builds public trust and 
accountability.
Cost of Development Policy #2.1: Maricopa County supports the provision of clear, accurate, and 
accessible financial information related to the costs of development and to overall County operations.
                COST OF DEVELOPMENT
Cost of Development Goal #1: Exercise sound financial management and build the County’s fiscal 
strength.
Goal Statement: Making fiscally responsible decisions that strengthen the County’s financial health is 
needed to ensure that development projects contribute positively to the County’s fiscal stability.
Cost of Development Policy #1.1: Maricopa County supports continuously evaluating the preferred 
funding methods with respect to the legal, socioeconomic, land use and administrative considerations 
identified in this element, and making changes when deemed necessary.
Cost of Development Policy #1.2: Maricopa County supports using the traditional and preferred funding 
methods identified in this Plan to offset costs of new development.
Cost of Development Policy #1.3: Maricopa County supports recouping the costs of its products and 
services without unfairly burdening those most in need of its products and services.
Cost of Development Goal #3: Require that new development pays its proper and reasonable share of the 
costs of new infrastructure, services, and other public improvements.
Goal Statement: Ensuring that new developments contribute their proportionate share to the costs 
of infrastructure, services, and public improvements is important for reducing future liabilities and 
protecting the long-term fiscal solvency of Maricopa County.
Cost of Development Policy #3.1: Maricopa County supports new development contributing its 
proportionate share of the costs of infrastructure necessary to support the demand for electric, water, 
sewer, and other services generated and necessitated by the development.
Cost of Development Policy #3.2: Maricopa County supports requiring new development to contribute 
its proportionate share of long-term maintenance costs associated with the use of all new infrastructure 
to support the demand for electric, water, sewer, and other services generated and necessitated by the 
development.
Cost of Development Policy #3.3: Maricopa County supports requiring the provision of infrastructure, 
facilities, and services needed by new development prior to that development, either directly or through 
fees. Where appropriate, the construction of infrastructure and facilities may be phased to coincide with 
project timelines.
 Chapter 1 •  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
29

2
Introduction

In This Chapter
The Reason for Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
History of Planning in Maricopa County. . . . . . . . . . . 33
Statutory Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Vision, Mission, and Strategic Priorities . . . . . . . . . . 35
The Importance of the Comprehensive Plan. . . . . . . 36
Comprehensive Plan Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Public Engagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Guiding Themes & Desired Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . 42

The Reason for Planning 
Understanding the significance of the Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan 
(Plan) begins with recognizing the value of planning itself. It is often described as 
both an art and a science, reflecting its blend of technical analysis and creative 
problem-solving. The way these diverse issues are addressed directly influences 
public health and safety, economic stability, environmental quality, the fulfillment 
of community needs, and the responsible use of public funds.
A defining feature of planning is its foundation in public engagement. It is a 
collaborative process in which citizens, stakeholders, and community leaders 
work together to identify and respond to complex and evolving challenges. 
Through dialogue and consensus-building, planning helps communities 
anticipate future needs and develop practical, innovative solutions that reflect 
shared values and long-term goals.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
32

History of Planning in 
Maricopa County
Modern planning in the United States 
began in the early 1900s as cities 
faced growing social, environmental, 
and 
economic 
challenges. 
In 
response, states adopted long-term 
planning requirements to address 
public health, safety, and quality of life. 
The field was formalized with the 1926 
and 1928 publication of federal zoning 
and planning acts, which continue to 
influence state and local planning 
efforts, including those in Arizona.
Planning 
in 
Maricopa 
County 
began in the late 1950s with initial 
studies focused on land use and 
population growth at a regional 
scale. In the decades that followed, 
the County developed small-scale 
plans for specific unincorporated 
areas and assisted smaller growing 
municipalities in preparing general 
plans for their jurisdictions. Due to 
its large geographic size and rapid 
growth, Maricopa County introduced 
Area Plans to address localized 
planning needs. While Area Plans 
remained a key component of the 
County’s 
strategy, 
the 
increasing 
population and emerging countywide 
challenges 
in 
the 
early 
1990s 
prompted the development of the first 
County Comprehensive Plan for the 
entire unincorporated area. Adopted 
as Maricopa County 2020 – Eye to the 
Future, this plan established policy 
direction for land use, transportation, 
economic development, growth areas, 
and environmental stewardship.
Following 
the 
adoption 
of 
that 
plan, Arizona enacted the Growing 
Smarter and Growing Smarter Plus 
legislation, 
which 
expanded 
the 
scope of comprehensive planning. 
These laws required counties to 
plan for areas of growth, open 
space, 
environmental 
impacts, 
water resources, and the financial 
implications of new development. 
They also introduced requirements 
for 
inclusive 
public 
participation, 
stronger 
coordination 
with 
the 
Arizona State Land Department, and 
consistency between zoning changes 
and 
comprehensive 
plans. 
In 
response, Maricopa County updated 
its Comprehensive Plan in 2002 to 
meet these standards and added a 
housing 
affordability 
component. 
Subsequent 
updates 
incorporated 
additional state mandates, including 
land use protections around military 
installations, safeguards for aggregate 
resources and mining operations, and 
policies promoting energy efficiency 
and renewable energy.
The 
Vision 
2030 
Comprehensive 
Plan for Maricopa County was the 
previous plan that the Board of 
Supervisors approved in 2016. It 
emphasized coordinated land use 
planning, infrastructure investment, 
stewardship 
of 
the 
environment, 
and economic development while 
continuing to reinforce the importance 
of preserving rural character where 
appropriate. What set Vision 2030 
apart was its introduction of the Urban 
Solutions for Urban Development 
(USUD) 
strategy, 
which 
provided 
clear, criteria-based guidance for 
determining 
where 
urban-context 
development 
should 
occur. 
This 
new strategy helped align land use 
decisions with infrastructure capacity, 
municipal planning efforts, and long-
term sustainability goals, ensuring 
that 
growth 
was 
both 
strategic 
and fiscally responsible. The USUD 
strategy served as a key foundational 
piece to the new planning framework 
introduced in the Framework 2040 
Comprehensive Plan.
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
33

Statutory 
Requirements
	
„ ARS §11-802: Requires that Maricopa County plan and provide for future 
growth and improvement in its jurisdiction (i.e. unincorporated areas) to 
promote public health, safety, convenience, and general welfare. This statute 
also requires that Maricopa County coordinate all public improvements and 
adopt and enforce rules, regulations, ordinances and plans regarding future 
development.
	
„ ARS §11-804: Requires that Maricopa County prepare and adopt a long-term 
Comprehensive Plan for unincorporated areas. Specifically, this Plan must 
address the following topics:
Arizona has long recognized the 
need for careful and deliberate 
planning and has laws directing 
how Maricopa County must 
prepare, adopt, and amend 
this Comprehensive Plan. The 
following is a summary of 
how Arizona Revised Statutes 
(ARS) directs the County’s 
comprehensive 
planning 
responsibilities.
	
„ ARS §11-805: Requires Maricopa County to adopt and subsequently amend or 
extend the Comprehensive Plan to serve as the official guide for development 
of areas within its jurisdiction. This statute also outlines the procedures and 
requirements for adopting and amending the Comprehensive Plan.
	
„ ARS §11-811: Requires that Maricopa County’s Zoning Ordinance, and all 
rezoning and zoning amendments, be consistent with and conform to the 
County’s Comprehensive Plan.
	
„ ARS §11-814: Requires that all rezonings be consistent with and conform to 
the County’s Comprehensive Plan.
	
„ ARS §28-8481: Requires that Maricopa County adopt a Comprehensive 
Plan that ensures development is compatible with the high noise or accident 
potential generated by military airport and ancillary military facilities.
LAND USE
OPEN 
SPACE
TRANSPORTATION
WATER 
RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY
GROWTH 
AREAS
COST OF 
DEVELOPMENT
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
34

Maricopa County Vision
Citizens serving citizens by working collaboratively, innovatively, efficiently and 
effectively. We will be responsive to our customers while being fiscally prudent.
Maricopa County Mission
The mission of Maricopa County is to provide regional leadership and fiscally 
responsible, necessary public services so that residents can enjoy living in a 
healthy and safe community.
Maricopa County Strategic 
Priorities
	
„ Maricopa County will support safe communities and neighborhoods by 
providing access to a timely, integrated, and cost-effective smart justice 
system.
	
„ Maricopa County will provide best-in-class regional services, both mandated 
and of concern to citizens, while coordinating with municipalities, other local 
jurisdictions, and community-based entities to consolidate services and 
avoid duplication, when applicable.
	
„ Maricopa County will deploy an effective and efficient infrastructure to 
implement streamlined policies and procedures improving delivery of 
services, and promoting a healthy workplace and a fully engaged workforce.
	
„ Maricopa County will innovatively leverage its resources, be adaptive in its 
regulatory policies and practices, and proactive in its public relations to 
attract, promote and support the growth of business enterprises in order to 
produce a vibrant and balanced regional economy.
	
„ Maricopa County will continue to efficiently manage County resources and 
engage in effective fiscal planning with integrity and transparency to promote 
financial stability and economic prosperity for Maricopa County residents.
Maricopa County’s authority is 
limited to only what is specifically 
required or allowed by state 
law. The County provides many 
services like public health and 
healthcare, roads and related 
infrastructure, flood control, law 
enforcement, criminal justice, 
education, parks and recreation, 
libraries, animal control, election 
oversight and community 
development. To help provide 
these services with quality and 
consistency, Maricopa County 
uses unifying mission and vision 
statements along with several 
strategic priorities. These 
statements and priorities are a 
commitment to achieving quality 
results for residents.
Vision, Mission, and 
Strategic Priorities 
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
35

The Importance of the 
Comprehensive Plan
Fulfills Statutory Requirements 
State law requires Maricopa County to prepare and adopt a Comprehensive Plan that includes specific 
mandated elements while allowing flexibility to address additional issues as needed. Because laws and 
societal conditions evolve, periodic amendments to the Comprehensive Plan may be necessary to maintain 
compliance with state requirements and to ensure the Plan remains responsive to public needs.
Protects Public Health
Protecting public health is a core responsibility of Maricopa County. The Comprehensive Plan supports this 
goal by promoting efficient land use patterns that reduce air pollution and other environmental impacts. It 
also encourages personal well-being through the development of interconnected open spaces that support 
physical activity and safe travel by foot, bicycle, and other non-motorized means.
Protects Public Safety 
The Comprehensive Plan enhances public safety by evaluating, coordinating, and approving new development 
in consideration with essential infrastructure and services, including roads, law enforcement, fire protection, 
and water and sewer systems. It also discourages development in hazardous areas where lives and property 
may be at risk.
Protects General Welfare 
The Comprehensive Plan protects the general welfare by evaluating land use, infrastructure, and public 
services in a coordinated manner that supports the overall well-being of unincorporated Maricopa County. 
Through this integrated approach, the Comprehensive Plan promotes orderly growth, efficient service 
delivery, and high-levels of long-term community quality of life.
Prioritizes an Affordable Future 
Maricopa County is committed to keeping its communities affordable and livable for everyone. Consequently, 
the Comprehensive Plan actively promotes policies to maintain a low cost of living and expand access to 
affordable housing. By prioritizing affordability, Maricopa County ensures that essential workers, young 
professionals, and long-time residents can continue to call the County home. 
Supports Consensus Building 
Comprehensive planning is a collaborative process that considers the complex and interrelated nature of 
social, economic, and environmental issues. While complete agreement on every issue may not be possible, 
consensus is essential. The Comprehensive Plan reflects a continuous effort to build consensus and adjust 
priorities as conditions and community needs change.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
36

Establishes New Development Framework for 
Unincorporated Areas
The Comprehensive Plan proposes a new development framework, titled the Municipal-Rural Influence 
Framework. This is an organizational framework that allows for all unincorporated land to be evaluated 
under an established set of policies to determine where urban or rural development is most appropriate. 
This framework also allows for development in County Islands not covered by a County Area Plan to be 
more accountable to consider the surrounding context including, but not limited to, available infrastructure 
and services, and community needs.
Promotes Quality Communities 
The Comprehensive Plan supports the development of high-quality communities by encouraging the 
inclusion of parks, open spaces, schools, libraries, and community centers. These features enhance quality 
of life and foster a sense of connection among neighborhoods and residents.
Helps Allocate Limited Financial Resources 
While new development can bring economic benefits, it also creates demands for services and infrastructure. 
The Comprehensive Plan helps protect taxpayers by promoting balanced and efficient land use patterns that 
broaden the tax base, reduce financial burdens, and support stable, economically resilient communities. 
The Plan’s Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy ensures that growth is aligned with available 
infrastructure and services, minimizing costly obligations. It also requires that new development contribute 
its fair share toward the cost of necessary improvements.
Establishes Public Policy 
The Comprehensive Plan sets forth policies that guide Maricopa County in addressing long-term social, 
economic, and environmental challenges. These policies provide a consistent foundation for decision-
making, and any deviation should be justified by demonstrating a clear benefit to the County as a whole.
Serves as a Decision-Making Guide
The Comprehensive Plan assists the County, residents, and businesses in making informed decisions about 
development location, type, density, and infrastructure needs. It supports the creation of cost-effective 
capital improvement programs, helps prioritize competing demands, and enables individuals and investors 
to make choices based on the timely availability and quality of services in different areas.
Links Complex and Interrelated Issues 
Development decisions have far-reaching impacts. Choices about residential densities and location 
influence housing affordability, infrastructure needs, and service delivery. These, in turn, affect budgets, tax 
policies, and the provision of services such as education, transportation, law enforcement, and emergency 
services. Development patterns also shape employment opportunities, retail locations, traffic congestion, 
and environmental quality. The Comprehensive Plan plays a vital role in navigating these interconnected 
issues and guiding Maricopa County’s response to rapid growth and change.
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
37

Comprehensive Plans and Zoning 
Ordinances 
Comprehensive plans are often mistaken for zoning ordinances, but they serve 
different purposes. Framework 2040 is a policy and decision-making guide 
that addresses community needs and sets long-range planning goals. It is not 
regulatory. In contrast, the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance (MCZO) regulates 
how land can be developed by controlling factors such as land use type, building 
height, lot size, and other parcel-specific standards. Although distinct, the zoning 
ordinance supports the Comprehensive Plan because Arizona law requires that 
any changes to zoning district boundaries be consistent with and conform to the 
adopted plan.
Flexibility and Certainty 
The Comprehensive Plan provides clear and consistent policies that help reduce 
uncertainty in land use decisions. However, to remain relevant, the Plan must be 
adaptable to changes in state law, environmental conditions, economic trends, 
political leadership, and community priorities. Maricopa County will periodically 
review the Plan and update the Plan in accordance with ARS requirements, 
ensuring that any revisions enhance County conditions without compromising 
the Plan’s core principles.
Countywide Scope 
A common misconception is that the Comprehensive Plan applies to the entire 
county. In actuality, the Comprehensive Plan only governs unincorporated areas. 
Each municipality within Maricopa County has its own general plan that applies 
to its specific jurisdiction. While municipal plans may extend into unincorporated 
areas and include areas that could be annexed in the future, the Comprehensive 
Plan remains the guiding document for those areas until annexation occurs.
Planning Horizon 
Unlike many municipal general plans that envision a full build-out scenario, 
the Comprehensive Plan takes a more focused approach by planning for 
approximately the next 10-20 years. Given the County’s vast size and the many 
uncertainties it faces, projecting land use and development patterns beyond 
this timeframe is neither practical nor advisable. This shorter horizon allows 
Maricopa County to plan in a deliberate and flexible manner, responding to 
change while maintaining long-term vision.
Comprehensive Plan Scope
While the importance of 
long-term planning is well 
understood, comprehensive 
planning has limitations that 
must be acknowledged. 
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
38

Public Engagement
Engagement Approach
Throughout the planning process, the Comprehensive Plan team worked to 
gather input from a broad range of voices to help shape the County’s future. To 
accomplish this, the team designed multiple engagement formats aimed at:
	
„ Collecting feedback from County residents
	
„ Exploring key topics in depth
	
„ Ensuring representation of varied experiences and perspectives
Outreach by the Numbers
13
Public Meetings 
held throughout
3
All-County Grand 
Virtual Meetings
5 Supervisor Districts
all
7
in
unique locations
154
responses in collaborative mapping 
activities (in-person and virtual)
577 idea wall posts and comments
2,407
completed surveys
9,325
visits to virtual outreach 
tools
6,505 unique visitors
3,138
participants in virtual 
engagement activities
12,000+
visits to the  
Comprehensive Plan website
25 participants
5
Technical Advisory 
Committee meetings 
with regional 
stakeholders
in
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
39

Engagement Methods
Public participation opportunities included individual surveys, one-on-one 
conversations, stakeholder meetings, in-person Supervisor District workshops, 
and countywide Grand Virtual Events. 
To reach underrepresented communities, the team coordinated with non-profits, 
political action groups, and neighborhood/HOA organizations to organize small 
group meetings and tailor outreach efforts.
A list and description of each engagement tool is outlined below:
	
„ Digital Outreach: A dedicated website (Framework2040.com) was used to 
inform residents, announce upcoming events, share draft documents, and 
launch community involvement activities. During the planning process, social 
media and e-blasts also served as key communication tools to keep residents 
informed and engaged. The County used platforms such as Facebook, X, 
and Instagram to share updates about the project, provide links to available 
documents, and promote opportunities for public participation, including 
surveys, virtual meetings, and comment periods.
	
„ In-Person Workshops: The heart of public engagement activities was 
facilitated through a workshop series of ten in-person meetings hosted within 
each Supervisor District. These meetings were used to collaboratively review 
and discuss existing and future conditions with participants. To ensure all 
those who participated had an equal voice, different types of interactive 
exercises and real-time polling technology was used to record live audience 
opinions. The use of public outreach technology offered the team a chance 
to visualize public opinion and residents the ability to frame follow-up 
discussions around direct polling reactions.
	
„ Virtual Workshops: To account for residents’ busy lifestyles, participants 
were also able to engage at different points in the planning process by joining 
three countywide Grand Virtual Events that were hosted online. Identical to in-
person meetings, live interactive polling was used that allowed participants to 
give real-time feedback. Results were displayed instantly to make the virtual 
presentations more engaging.
	
„ Countywide Surveys: Multiple online surveys were used at various points in 
the process to evaluate resident satisfaction with existing county qualities 
and public preferences for prioritizing future efforts. 
	
„ Interactive Mapping: The County also engaged participants by initiating 
an interactive mapping application, via the project website, so that the 
geographical context of any particular challenge or opportunity could be 
captured for use in the development process of the Comprehensive Plan.
	
„ Idea Wall: Participants were able to take part in a broad, virtual “idea wall” 
conversation that explored the question “How can Maricopa County be 
improved in the decades ahead?” Respondents posted text, pictures, and/or 
videos that captured their ideas regarding the future of the county.
	
„ Technical Advisory Committee (TAC): Composed of County officials, 
representatives from governmental agencies, professionals from housing 
and economic development associations, and regional service providers, 
the TAC met routinely throughout the Plan development process to provide 
technical expertise and assist in shaping plan recommendations.
All meetings were facilitated by County staff or project consultants. They guided 
activities, engaged in personal conversations with participants, and answered 
questions about the planning process.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
40

What We Heard
The specific takeaways described in this section were summarized and tallied 
from multiple engagement events conducted as part of the Comprehensive Plan 
process. Public input includes comments and activity entries from the virtual 
and in-person workshops; the project website and resident surveys; as well as 
input from the online collaborative mapping.
Residents want to see the Comprehensive Plan focus on:
	
„ Preserve both natural and rural landscapes – Prioritize protecting open 
spaces, desert ecosystems, and maintaining scenic rural landscapes. 
	
„ Expand access to recreational lands and opportunities – Increase parks, 
trails, and outdoor spaces to promote health, wellness, and accessibility for 
all.
	
„ Encourage high-quality development – Promote development that is aligned 
with community values.
	
„ Protect the regional water supply – Foster water conservation, proactive 
management, and infrastructure for long-term supply security.
	
„ Support the improvement of safety coverage and response times – Enhancing 
emergency response times and coordination across urban and rural areas.
	
„ Continue business environment for economic opportunities – Support local 
businesses and attracting investments for industry and job growth.
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
41

Guiding 
Themes 
& Desired 
Outcomes
Where are we going…
The Comprehensive Plan visualizes a County where the unique needs of the 
varying population groups in the County are strategically met by the ability to 
provide local, affordable options for housing, efficient transportation systems, 
and robust industry. Ultimately, aiming for initiatives that protect the County’s 
established prominence will also lead to the continued enjoyment of the varying 
lifestyles that exist across the County. In turn, future residents can then protect 
and contribute to the endurance of what the County has to offer.
Based on the results of engagement activities and conversations 
with the community, three guiding themes emerged as the top 
outcomes desired from the Comprehensive Plan.
These guiding themes and desired outcomes are integrated throughout the 
Comprehensive Plan and serve as the overlapping foundation for its collective 
goals and policies. Brief reminders are provided in each chapter to convey 
how these community-driven priorities were translated into interconnected 
strategies. As these themes are closely interrelated, it is important to recognize 
they are intended to be viewed as being equal in weight and are not listed in any 
particular order of importance. 
Where are we today…
Maricopa County is one of the fastest growing places in the nation. Quality of 
life investments, emerging industries, and comfortable weather patterns have 
resulted in many community benefits that have made the County quite attractive 
to residents and businesses seeking to settle and thrive here.
Residents recognize these significant assets create a unique character to the 
County and establish a cherished built and natural environment. However, 
residents are increasingly concerned that uncontrolled growth will not only 
negatively impact currently available opportunities but also hinder the ability to 
leave the County better for future residents who will make Maricopa County their 
home.
Opportunity
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
42

Where are we today…
Maricopa County uses the best available information to protect, enhance, and 
integrate new development to reduce environmental impacts and preserve 
the recognized special importance of the County’s natural systems and open 
spaces.
When thinking about the future and growth in general, the community consistently 
identified the protection of natural open spaces, farms, and parks as one of the 
most important opportunities and one of the most important challenges the 
County faces as it plans for the next decade and beyond. This prevalent focus 
is further supported as the community identified the limited availability of water 
and poor air quality as some of their biggest concerns related to growth and 
development in the County. 
Where are we going…
The Comprehensive Plan recognizes residents’ strong desire to protect natural 
open space, enhance recreation areas and activities, and promote local food 
production to support the livability and prosperity of the region. Within this 
context, anticipated population growth will also require the region to evaluate 
and identify long-term water management practices, alternative energy sources, 
and thoughtful land development policies and regulations. Furthermore, the 
region will need to sustain rural lands and their character by directing larger and 
higher concentrations of growth to municipalities.
Where are we today…
Maricopa County oversees a prosperous economy that features significant job 
growth and a multitude of industry sectors that offer a wide range of wages 
and career advancement. The County cultivates business development to 
purposefully enrich the community economically and socially so as to allow all 
residents better access to paths for economic growth.
Resident feedback expressed an appreciation for the unique experiences and 
employment options that draw people of all ages and interests to Maricopa 
County. However, the community desires to closely manage this prosperity 
to ensure the intensity and scale of non-residential development respects the 
surrounding character. There is greatest interest within the community to support 
the development of technology and healthcare-related industries. Furthermore, 
collected input showed strong support for ensuring growth pays for itself.
Where are we going…
The Comprehensive Plan assists in managing economic growth, particularly 
in municipal planning areas to ensure the infrastructure and utilities needed to 
support such growth are readily available.
Stewardship
Prosperity
 Chapter 2 •  INTRODUCTION
43

3
The 
Comprehensive 
Plan in Context

In This Chapter
How Framework 2040 Relates 
to County Area Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
How Framework 2040 Relates to Other Plans, 
Ordinances, & Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Relating to Other Jurisdictions’ Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

The Comprehensive Plan outlines the overarching policies and expectations for 
development in Maricopa County’s unincorporated areas. However, given the 
vast size and variety of these areas, the Comprehensive Plan cannot feasibly 
address every local or site-specific issue or interest. To account for this fact, 
the County relies on its Area Plan Program to address localized unincorporated 
needs, priorities, and unique conditions. 
Since 1997, Maricopa County has utilized Area Plans as more focused planning 
documents tailored to the distinct characteristics and issues of specific parts 
within the County that are expected to see increased growth. These could be 
related to community characteristics, topography, environmental context, 
special conditions, etc. Each Area Plan has been coordinated with the respective 
residents and stakeholders within the extent of the Area Plan to address local 
concerns. While able to be implemented individually, each Area Plan also 
supports and works in concert with the overarching vision of the Framework 
2040 Comprehensive Plan. Maricopa County has eight active Area Plans, which 
vary in size, scope, and location to reflect the distinctive communities they serve. 
These eight Area Plans are: 
	
„ Daisy Mountain/New River Area Plan
	
„ Goldfield Area Plan
	
„ Old U.S. Highway 80 Area Plan
	
„ Rainbow Valley Area Plan
	
„ Rio Verde Foothills Area Plan
	
„ State Route 85 Area Plan 
	
„ Tonopah/Arlington Area Plan 
	
„ White Tank Grand Avenue Area Plan 
As Area Plans reflect the structure of the Comprehensive Plan, they each include 
goals and policies, strategies and a future land use map, tailored for the individual 
areas. 
How 
Framework 
2040 
Relates 
to County 
Area Plans
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
46

The Comprehensive Plan addresses future growth, but there are other County plans, ordinances, and regulations 
that influence development. Figure 1 shows how the Plan fits with these and within overall county operations.
How Framework 2040 Relates 
to Other Plans, Ordinances, & 
Regulations
Mission, Vision, Strategic Priorities
County Area Plans
Scenic Corridor & Special 
Studies
Capital Improvement 
Program
Other Maricopa County Plans, 
Ordinances, Regulations
	
„ Dept. of 
Transportation
	
„ Flood Control 
District
	
„ Environmental 
Services
	
„ Air Quality
	
„ Community/
Economic 
Development
	
„ Emergency 
Management
	
„ Human Services
	
„ Library District
	
„ Parks & 
Recreation
	
„ Public Health
	
„ Sheriff’s Office
	
„ Solid Waste
BROAD 
POLICY
SPECIFIC 
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
	
„ Zoning Ordinance
	
„ Abatement 
Ordinance
	
„ Hours of 
Operation 
Ordinance
	
„ Subdivision 
Regulations
	
„ Addressing 
Regulations
	
„ Construction 
Codes
Ordinances, Regulations,  
& Guidelines
County Budget
Figure 1.   Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan Hierarchy
	
„ Comprehensive 
Plan Amendment 
Guidelines 
	
„ Public 
Participation 
Guidelines
	
„ Licensing Time 
Frames Ordinance
	
„ Dark Sky 
Ordinance
	
„ Noise Ordinance
 Chapter 3 •  THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN IN CONTEXT
47

Relating to Other Jurisdictions’ Plans
An important feature of this Comprehensive Plan is how it considers other jurisdictions’ plans for future growth. This is 
challenging given that the federal and state government, as well as the many cities, towns and Native American communities 
all manage development in certain areas. Despite this challenge Maricopa County coordinates with these jurisdictions 
where practical to ensure consistent growth patterns. The following is how this coordination occurs.
Municipal General 
Plans
Arizona cities and towns have general plans for their 
respective jurisdictions, and it is common for these 
plans to extend into unincorporated areas that may 
someday be annexed. Maricopa County recognizes 
these plans and the need to coordinate planning 
with municipalities, in particular for County Islands 
to obtain assurance of annexation when necessary. 
Maricopa County will evaluate development proposals 
for alignment with municipal comprehensive or 
general plans when located within their planning 
boundary. Maricopa County will provide written notice 
of all entitlement actions requiring a public hearing 
to all municipalities within 3 miles of the boundaries 
of an entitlement proposal, and include municipality 
comments in staff report attachments. However, until 
land is annexed Maricopa County retains planning 
authority.
Federal Government
Maricopa County includes a lot of federally managed 
land including the Tonto National Forest, Barry 
M. Goldwater Range, Sonoran Desert National 
Monument, and several wilderness and wildlife 
areas. The federal government prepares plans 
for these areas which are generally off-limits to 
development but instead are managed for a specific 
purpose such as scenic, cultural, and recreational 
benefits or national priority. Maricopa County 
reaffirms its commitment to coordinate with federal 
agencies, especially in areas adjacent to federal land, 
to help avoid potentially adverse impacts from new 
development.
Arizona State Land 
Department
State law requires the Arizona State Land Department 
(ASLD) to develop long-term plans for certain Trust 
lands under their management. Maricopa County 
has many parcels of Trust land within its jurisdiction, 
but not all of them have been included in an ASLD 
Conceptual Plan. Where they have been included 
in an ASLD Conceptual Plan, Maricopa County 
must cooperate with the ASLD to integrate planned 
lands into its own Comprehensive Plan or Area 
Plans where appropriate. Further, in accordance 
with ARS § 11-804.E, any Trust Land designated as 
open space, recreation, conservation, or agriculture 
within a County plan shall have a default minimum 
development density of one dwelling unit/acre, 
Maricopa County will continue coordinating with the 
ASLD on strategies that enhance value to the Trust 
and in alignment with the County Comprehensive 
Plan.
Native American 
Communities
Maricopa County also has several Native American 
Communities but given their sovereign nation status 
the Comprehensive Plan does not apply to such 
areas. Instead, each Community is responsible for 
preparing land management plans for the area within 
its jurisdictional limits. Maricopa County does engage 
in ongoing coordination with the Native American 
Communities for projects that are in close proximity 
to their jurisdictional limits.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
48

Chapter 3 •  THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN IN CONTEXT
49

4
Maricopa County 
Overview

In This Chapter
History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Maricopa County Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Maricopa County Demographics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Maricopa County Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

History
Archaeological evidence indicates that Maricopa County 
was inhabited as far back as 9,000 B.C. by nomadic tribes 
that traveled and lived throughout the Americas. The 
first known permanent settlers were the Hohokam who 
occupied the area between approximately A.D. 500 and 
1450. It is believed the Hohokam lived in progressively 
larger villages and harnessed the waters of the Salt and 
Gila Rivers by constructing extensive canal systems to 
grow and sustain annual crops; however, around the 
year 1300 the Hohokam began abandoning the region 
surrounding the Salt and Gila River Valleys for reasons 
that currently remain unknown. Many of the canals left 
behind by the Hohokam were used by later European 
and American settlers. From 1540 until 1821, the area 
that would become Maricopa County was under Spanish 
rule. It then became part of the Republic of Mexico when 
independence was declared from Spain. 
The first permanent settlers of European 
descent arrived in the area in the early 
1800s. It was not until the California Gold 
Rush of the mid-1800s that the population 
of the Salt River Valley began to grow 
rapidly. The increasing presence of the U.S. 
Army also contributed to the area’s growth. 
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 
in 1848 ending the Mexican-American 
War and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, 
the region that would eventually become 
Maricopa County came under the control 
of the United States of America.
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52

Maricopa County was officially formed in 1871. 
The Desert Land Act of 1877 and the expansion 
of agriculture production fueled further growth 
and additional settlement in the County. The 
Territorial Capital was moved in 1889 from 
Prescott to Maricopa County in Phoenix, which 
would continue as the state capital in 1912 when 
Arizona was admitted as the 48th state. Slow 
and steady growth characterized the County 
following statehood until World War II. 
After the War, growth in Maricopa County 
accelerated 
rapidly 
due 
to 
industrial 
development, widespread use of automobiles 
and air conditioning that made the extreme 
heat of the desert summer tolerable for its new 
residents. The steady influx of residents has 
spurred rapid development in the County as it 
transitioned from an agricultural economy to 
a more diversified one, with industries such as 
electronics and manufacturing taking root.
The municipalities of the County adopted annexation 
policies in this timeframe, reducing the total amount of 
Maricopa County’s unincorporated land. The construction 
of freeways and other infrastructure projects supported 
these growth patterns. During this time, the County faced 
challenges, such as the aftermath of the recession of 
2007 through 2009, which slowed growth temporarily. 
Following several years of slow economic recovery, 
Maricopa County has experienced increasing economic 
diversity and growth for most of the 2010s and the early 
2020s with a noticeable pause in this trend as a result of 
the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020-2021. Today, Maricopa 
County is emerging as a national and international hub for 
semiconductor manufacturing and large-scale technology 
investment. Through all the development and growth of 
the past 80 years, Maricopa County has solidified its place 
as an exceptional place to live and one of the fastest 
growing counties in the country.
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
53

Maricopa County Profile
Regional Context
Located in the south-central part of 
Arizona as seen in Map 1, Maricopa 
County is neighbored by Yavapai 
County to the north, Gila County to the 
east, Pinal and Pima Counties to the 
south, and La Paz and Yuma Counties 
to the west. Maricopa County’s seat is 
the City of Phoenix, which also serves 
as the state capital of Arizona. It is the 
most populous city in the state and the 
fifth-most populous city in the United 
States (U.S.). Maricopa County is 
notably the largest county in the nation 
in terms of area in which the capital 
city of the state sits. The County 
includes 23 other municipalities within 
its boundaries. There are several other 
communities that are unincorporated, 
comprising the spectrum of rural and 
urban development patterns. These 
unincorporated areas are under the 
direct jurisdiction of Maricopa County. 
There are also four Native American 
communities within the boundaries 
of the County, which are the Fort 
McDowell Yavapai Nation, the Gila 
River Indian Community, the Salt River 
Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, 
and the Tohono O’odham Nation. 
Maricopa County is Arizona’s most 
populous county. As of the 2022 
American Community Survey (ACS), 
the entire County had a population of 
4,430,871, accounting for about 62% of 
the State of Arizona’s total population. 
It has the fourth largest population 
residing 
within 
its 
boundaries 
compared to the other counties and 
county equivalents in the country. 
In terms of area, Maricopa County 
encompasses 9,224 square miles of 
land, making it the 15th largest county 
by area in the country and larger than 
eight individual states in total land 
area. The County stretches 132 miles 
from west to east and 103 miles from 
north to south with diverse geography 
including parts of the Sonoran Desert 
and the Tonto National Forest. Of the 
14 counties in the country with a larger 
area than Maricopa County, only one 
of those counties has a population 
over 
two 
million 
residing 
within 
its boundaries. Maricopa County, 
therefore, operates in a unique position 
as a large county by area combined 
with a large population within its area 
of jurisdiction. 
4th
MOST 
POPULOUS 
COUNTY IN 
THE COUNTRY
8
LAND 
AREA 
GREATER 
THAN
STATES
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2022 American 
Community Survey 5-Year Estimates; Michael 
Baker International Analysis, 2026
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
54

Map 1.   Regional Context
4,430,871
TOTAL POPULATION
62%
SHARE OF ARIZONA’S 
POPULATION
15th
LARGEST COUNTY BY AREA 
IN THE U.S.A.
9,224 
Square Miles
TOTAL LAND AREA
Maricopa County  
by the Numbers
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates; Michael Baker 
International Analysis, 2026
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
55

Area of 
Jurisdiction
While the total area within the boundaries of Maricopa County is 9,224 square 
miles, the area of jurisdiction for the Comprehensive Plan is comprised of the 
6,596.53 square miles, or 4,221,777 acres, of unincorporated land in Maricopa 
County. This means that Maricopa County’s area of jurisdiction of unincorporated 
land is about 71.51% of the total land within the County’s boundaries. Conversely, 
23.90% of the total land within the limits of Maricopa County is under the 
jurisdiction of an incorporated municipality, and 4.59% of the total land is 
under the jurisdiction of one of the four Native American communities within 
the County’s limits, which are the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, the Gila River 
Indian Community, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, and the 
Tohono O’odham Nation. Map 2 shows the distinction between the incorporated 
and unincorporated areas of the County, as well as the location of the Native 
American communities. As of 2022, the total population estimated to live in 
Maricopa County’s area of jurisdiction is 308,633 (ACS 2022). 
Geography
The County’s many mountains contrast with its relatively low desert areas, 
evidenced by elevations that range from approximately 300 feet above sea level 
near Gila Bend to over 7,600 feet in the Four Peaks Wilderness Area. Higher 
elevations in northeast and some mountains of central, southern and western 
Maricopa County contain small woodlands and forests, while lower elevations 
include desert scrub, saguaro and other cactus species. However, the most 
diverse native and non-native plant and animal species are found along the 
county’s many rivers, streams and washes.
Climate
Located within the Sonoran Desert, Maricopa County experiences a subtropical 
desert climate. Temperatures in the County can vary significantly due to the 
contrasts in elevation. Summer temperatures in lower desert areas regularly 
exceed 110°F. However, winter temperatures in higher mountain elevations can 
fall well below freezing (32°F) and significant snowfall may occur.
Water
Due to its dry climate and desert environment, residents in municipalities and 
unincorporated Maricopa County cannot solely rely on surface water within 
the County limits to sustain the levels of growth and development that have 
persisted since the mid-20th century. Originating as runoff from snow melt in 
higher elevations to the north, the Salt and Verde Rivers were the initial sources 
of surface water in the County and continue to be important sources today. The 
second noteworthy source of surface water is the water that is supplied by the 
approximately 336-mile Central Arizona Project (CAP) Canal, bringing about 1.5 
million acre-feet of water from the Colorado River to Pima, Pinal and Maricopa 
Counties. Yet even with multiple surface water sources, periodically persistent 
droughts in the Colorado River basin mixed together with population growth and 
high water-use industrial developments require strategies to ensure dependable, 
long-term supplies of groundwater. Most water conservation efforts are 
overseen by the Arizona Department of Water Resources including the Active 
Management Area (AMA) program and the Arizona Water Banking Authority that 
regulates groundwater pumping to control stress on aquifers. These and other 
state and local efforts work toward ensuring safe and reliable water supplies for 
future population growth and to provide for the needs of existing residents.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
56

Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026 
Map 2.   Maricopa County Area of Jurisdiction
71.51%  
This percentage represents the portion of total land within 
Maricopa County’s boundaries that constitutes the County’s 
area of jurisdiction of unincorporated land.
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
57

Land Ownership
Data for land ownership is managed 
and presented by the Bureau of 
Land Management’s (BLM) surface 
land management program which 
administers federal, state, and private 
land ownership across the country. 
This data was augmented by recent 
updates to State Trust Land from 
the ASLD. Land ownership (Table 2) 
within the Maricopa County area of 
jurisdiction is predominantly held by 
five classifications of landowners. 
The top five classifications are BLM, 
Military, Private, U.S. Forest Service, 
and State Trust land which together 
account for 98.4% of the ownership 
of the total unincorporated land in 
Maricopa County. BLM comprises 
over 37.5% of the County’s land, with 
the land concentrated in the County’s 
western and southern areas. Military 
installations are the second most 
prominent landowner with the Barry M. 
Goldwater Air Force Range, located in 
the southernmost extent of the County, 
accounting for 16.6% of the military 
land holdings in the County. Privately 
owned land accounts for 16.6% of 
unincorporated Maricopa County, at 
just under 1,100 square miles. The 
U.S. Forest Service owns 15.5% of the 
land in the area of jurisdiction, which 
consists of the Tonto National Forest 
located in the entirety of northeastern 
Maricopa County. State Trust Land, 
managed by the ASLD, encompasses 
11.5% of the unincorporated area at 
758 square miles. Map 3 displays 
the locations of the land ownership 
categories in the area of jurisdiction 
of Maricopa County. While Native 
American Communities are not part 
of the County’s area of jurisdiction, it 
is noteworthy to mention that there 
are 423.88 square miles of tribal land 
within the boundaries of Maricopa 
County.
Table 2.   Land Ownership
Land Ownership
Percent of Total 
Land
Square Miles
Arizona Game & Fish Department (AZGFD) Wildlife Area
0.145%
9.56
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
37.530%
2,475.66
Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
0.029%
1.91
County
0.004%
0.26
Military
17.192%
1,134.09
Private
16.624%
1,096.60
Regional/County Park
1.465%
96.63
State Trust Land
11.490%
757.95
U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
15.521%
1,023.83
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
0.001%
0.04
TOTAL
100.000%
6,596.53
Native American Tribal Land
---
423.88
Source: Bureau of Land Management, Arizona State Land Department
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58

37.53%  
This percentage represents the portion of County land that 
is owned by the Bureau of Land Management
Source: Bureau of Land Management, 2025; Arizona State Land Department, 2025
Map 3.   Land Ownership
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
59

Age Groups
The median age in Maricopa County 
is 37.1, which is lower than the median 
age for the State. Compared to both 
the incorporated area of the County 
and Arizona overall, unincorporated 
Maricopa County follows a similar trend 
for the distribution of the population by 
age groups until the 65 and older group. 
The three jurisdictions have smaller 
and relatively even distributions for the 
under 25 age groups and the 55-65 age 
groups. Slight increases in distribution 
are seen in the early adulthood and middle age range from 25-54. Like Arizona, 
unincorporated Maricopa County has a larger number of residents over the age 
of 65 than the other age groups as shown in Figure 2.
Maricopa County Demographics
As mentioned previously, the total population estimated to live in Maricopa 
County’s area of jurisdiction according to 2022 is 308,633. Further population 
data breakdowns follow below.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 
Figure 2.   Age Groups
Generational Change
The 
composition 
of 
growth 
in 
unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County 
shows 
the 
percentage 
of 
the 
population that is comprised of the 
Baby Boomer generation (born 1946 
to 1964) and Millennial generation 
(born 1980 to 1994) grew by 7% and 
4% respectively from 2010 to 2022. 
The Alpha generation (born 2010 to 
2024) also emerged over this period 
and consists of approximately 14% 
of the population in unincorporated 
Maricopa County. Figure 3 shows this 
shift over the twelve-year period from 
2010 to 2022 of generations living in 
unincorporated Maricopa County.
The reason for this generational shift 
is likely due to several factors. The 
Baby Boomer generation now has 
the highest number of residents in 
unincorporated areas, taking the place 
that the Greatest and Silent Generation 
cohorts held in 2010. This makes 
sense as the youngest members of 
the Baby Boomers are now older than 
the minimum 55-year age requirement 
for Sun City, Sun City West, and other 
large 
age-restricted 
communities 
located throughout unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County. 
Millennials 
surpassed the Gen X generation group 
in the 2022 data. Housing affordability, 
while significantly lessened since 
2020, plays a part of the Millennial 
generation increase as the median 
home value within unincorporated 
Maricopa County is lower when 
compared to equivalent housing types 
in municipalities located within the 
County.  
The 
generational 
composition 
of 
the 
County 
significantly 
impacts 
community habits and needs by driving 
demand for more focused services like 
healthcare, transportation, housing, 
social 
activities, 
and 
recreation 
choices, 
while 
also 
potentially 
changing 
the 
overall 
pace 
and 
character of an area due to a larger 
population of residents with different 
priorities and lifestyle choices.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
60

Race and Ethnicity
Race and ethnicity play a crucial role in developing this Comprehensive Plan for 
several reasons. Reviewing these factors is essential to ensure an accessible 
engagement and decision-making process. Additionally, cultural differences, 
often rooted in racial and ethnic backgrounds, impact how people use and view 
public infrastructure and services as well as the natural landscape. 
As seen in Figure 4, 72% of the unincorporated Maricopa County population 
identifies as white, which is higher than Maricopa County and the State. 
Additionally, 19% of the population identify as having Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, 
meaning they are of Spanish descent with roots in Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, 
South or Central American or other counties with Spanish cultural influences. 
This percentage is lower than Maricopa County as a whole and the State. By 
combining ethnicity and race in one figure rather than two, a more comprehensive 
overview of the demographic composition of a population is provided.
Figure 3.   Generational Change
Figure 4.   Race and Ethnicity 
in Unincorporated Maricopa 
County
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census, 2010 & 2022 American Community Survey  
5-Year Estimates
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census, 
2022 American Community Survey 5-Year 
Estimates
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
61

Maricopa County Trends
Historic Population Growth
Maricopa 
County 
experienced 
significant population growth in recent 
decades, befitting its status as one 
of the fastest-growing regions in the 
nation. This growth has shaped the 
County’s development, with recent 
trends 
between 
1990 
and 
2022 
highlighting important shifts in both 
unincorporated 
and 
incorporated 
areas. In 1990, the unincorporated 
areas had 170,246 residents, while 
incorporated areas had nearly 1.95 
million. Over the following decades, 
unincorporated areas saw steady 
growth, most notably growing at 
a rate of 34.8% between 2000 and 
2010 as seen in Table 3. Growth 
slowed in recent years, with only a 
0.4% increase in the population of 
unincorporated areas from 2020 to 
2022. This deceleration can likely 
be attributed to a brief slowdown in 
growth in 2020 in the initial stages of 
the COVID-19 Pandemic. Since 2022, 
however, Maricopa County returned 
to a period of growth. However, recent 
rapid increases in the cost of land and 
housing have had a tempering effect 
on the County’s growth in the near-term 
compared to the growth rates seen 
in the 21st century. These changing 
population patterns emphasize the 
needs for strategic planning to meet 
the county’s future needs. 
Future Population Projections
As shown in Figure 5 the Maricopa 
Association 
of 
Governments 
(MAG) 
projects 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County to approach the 
400,000-resident threshold by 2030. 
MAG estimates that unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County 
will 
reach 
a 
population of 371,800 by 2030, and 
it will continue to grow to 478,500 in 
2040, 566,600 in 2050 and 645,800 in 
2060. This means that by 2040, MAG 
is projecting that the population for 
unincorporated Maricopa County will 
increase by 55%, while the County’s 
incorporated population growth rate 
is projected to increase by 29% at the 
same horizon year. 
Figure 
6 
shows 
the 
estimated 
population 
growth 
from 
MAG’s 
population 
projections 
for 
both 
unincorporated 
and 
incorporated 
Maricopa County through 2060 in ten-
year increments. The figure shows 
MAG does project that incorporated 
Maricopa County will have a higher 
growth rate over the coming decades 
than the unincorporated parts of the 
County. This difference in anticipated 
growth rates is reasonable given that 
rapid growth areas (especially on 
the urban fringe of the County) are 
often annexed into an incorporated 
municipality, often receiving municipal 
services. 
Thus, 
the 
associated 
population growth in these areas is 
counted as part of the incorporated 
population and not as part of the 
population of the unincorporated 
areas of Maricopa County.
Table 3.   Population Growth
Year
Incorporated Area
Incorporated Area 
Growth Rate
Unincorporated 
Area
Unincorporated 
Area Growth Rate
1990
1,951,675
-
170,426
-
2000
2,861,266
46.6%
210,883
23.7%
2010
3,532,875
23.5%
284,242
34.8%
2020
4,113,029
16.4%
307,539
8.2%
2022
4,122,238
0.2%
308,633
0.4%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1990, 2000, 2010 & 2020 Decennial Census; 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
62

Recent Growth
As 
Maricopa 
County 
plans 
for 
a projected 55% increase in its 
unincorporated population through 
2040, it is anticipated that these 
current areas of growth as shown in 
Map 4 will continue to develop, while 
other growth areas will emerge as new 
development takes place in currently 
undeveloped areas. However, it is also 
recognized that while some areas of 
the county should be planned for this 
new development, other areas should 
be preserved or protected or see little 
new development.
Between 1990 and 2010, much of the 
growth that occurred in unincorporated 
Maricopa County was focused in the 
eastern and northern parts of the 
County. When comparing the change 
in 
population 
in 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County from 2010 to 2022, 
the areas that experienced the highest 
population growth have shifted and 
are now predominantly located in the 
west valley as exhibited in Map 4.
Figure 5.   Unincorporated Maricopa County Population 
Projection 
Figure 6.   Population Projection Comparison 
Source: Maricopa Association of Governments, 2023 Socioeconomic Projections
Source: Maricopa Association of Governments, 2023 Socioeconomic Projections
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
63

Table 4 shows that since 2010, the 
county has lost over 65 square miles 
of unincorporated land to annexation 
into incorporated cities and towns 
across the valley. This reduction in 
land area, coupled with population 
growth, has caused the population 
density 
within 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County to increase from 
an average of 43 persons per square 
mile in 2010 to almost 47 persons per 
square mile in 2022.
Table 4.   Annexations of Unincorporated Maricopa County 
and Population Density
Year
Population
Unincorporated 
Area (sq. mi.)
Population 
Density       
(per/sq. mi.)
2010
284,242
6,662.16
43 people/ 
sq. mi.
(Municipal 
Annexations)
-
65.63
-
2022
308,633
6,596.53
47 people/ 
sq. mi.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census, 2010 & 2022 American Community Survey  
5-Year Estimates
Population Density and Annexation
Recent Unincorporated Development and Annexation
Although the total unincorporated 
land in Maricopa County that has 
been annexed since 2010 amounted 
to over 42,000 acres, interestingly, 
all the subdivisions that were platted 
within these annexation acres were 
subdivided after annexation (i.e. they 
were subdivided once incorporated). 
Relatedly, none of the subdivisions 
developed in the County over this 
same period were annexed.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census, 2010 & 2022 American Community Survey  
5-Year Estimates
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
64

55%  
The percentage increase of population in unincorporated 
Maricopa County by 2040 as projected by the Maricopa 
Association of Governments.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates; U.S. Census Bureau, 
2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates; Michael Baker International Analysis, 2026
Map 4.   Growth Trends in Unincorporated Maricopa County
 Chapter 4 •  MARICOPA COUNTY OVERVIEW
65

5
Land Use

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

The Land Use element maintains that sensible, functional, 
balanced, fiscally efficient, and economically viable land use 
patterns are important priorities. This element also reinforces 
the County’s support for its area plan program and includes 
updated land use categories.
Introduction
Land use planning is a foundational 
component of the Comprehensive 
Plan, shaping the County’s vision for 
responsible growth and development. 
Through strategic goals and policies, 
the Land Use element promotes 
development 
that 
is 
both 
high-
quality and conscious of the desire to 
preserve the natural desert landscape, 
reflecting the values of unincorporated 
communities. The Land Use element 
also 
emphasizes 
the 
importance 
of aligning growth with available 
infrastructure and public services, 
ensuring 
that 
new 
development 
enhances 
connectivity, 
efficiency, 
and community vitality. By guiding 
orderly expansion and minimizing 
land use conflicts, the Comprehensive 
Plan reinforces a commitment to 
pursue prosperity, stewardship, and 
a prosperous future of opportunity 
for all residents in unincorporated 
Maricopa County.
The 
existing 
land 
utilization 
patterns within Maricopa County’s 
jurisdiction 
are 
the 
starting 
line 
for envisioning future growth and 
development. By analyzing current 
conditions, the County can better 
identify unincorporated areas with 
the greatest potential for expansion, 
redevelopment, or preservation. This 
understanding 
informs 
strategic 
planning efforts, ensuring that future 
land use decisions are both context-
sensitive and aligned with long-term 
community goals.
The 
Maricopa 
Association 
of 
Governments collects and manages 
existing land utilization data as part of 
its socioeconomic modeling efforts. 
This data captures how land within 
Maricopa County is currently being 
utilized. It is distinctly different from 
a zoning map which determines how 
a specific property can be developed 
today, or a future land use plan which 
identifies how land may be developed 
in the future. The Existing Land 
Utilization 
database 
was 
created 
by MAG based on an analysis of 
Maricopa County Assessor parcels, 
aerial photo interpretation, Arizona 
State Land data, MAG databases, and 
input from MAG member agencies. 
This data receives final approval by 
the Population Technical Advisory 
Committee and then is released for 
public use.
Figure 7 shows how existing land 
utilizations are distributed within the 
unincorporated area of Maricopa 
County, and Map 5 illustrates where 
these land utilizations are located. 
Table 5 provides a more detailed 
breakdown of the percentage share 
and the total square mileage of each 
existing land utilization category in the 
County’s area of jurisdiction.
The most prevalent existing land 
utilization 
within 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County is Open Space, 
which makes up 73.5% of the area, 
amounting to over 4,850 square miles. 
The significant amount of current 
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
68

73.5% 
The most prevalent 
existing land utilization in 
unincorporated Maricopa 
County is Open Space, 
making up over 4,850 
square miles of the area.
Open Space is understandable given 
the overall size of the County and the 
fact that the Tonto National Forest, 
Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, 
BLM land holdings, State Trust Land, 
and County regional parks are included 
in this total. While some of the Open 
Space areas are parks and recreation 
areas, it is important to point out that 
MAG’s classification of these noted 
areas as Open Space refers to their 
protected nature from development 
owing to their land ownership. MAG’s 
Open Space classification should not 
be implied to indicate any use of these 
noted areas for parkland or recreation 
or 
prohibiting 
landowners 
from 
exercising their property rights.
Vacant land (land that is undeveloped, 
but is not managed or preserved as 
open space) is the next most common 
land utilization in the County with about 
1,198 square miles making up 18.2% of 
the total. Both Open Space and Vacant 
land account for 91.7% of the existing 
land utilizations in unincorporated 
Maricopa County. The next three most 
prevalent land utilizations in terms 
of percentage share are Agriculture, 
Single-Family Residential, and Other/
Public Employment totaling together 
7.4% of the County’s area of jurisdiction. 
When analyzing the County as a 
whole, these five categories (open 
space, vacant land, agriculture, single-
family residential, and other/public 
employment) amount to 99.1% of the 
existing land utilizations in Maricopa 
County. Most of the Single-Family 
Residential land utilizations are located 
adjacent to or near incorporated 
municipalities or along prominent 
highways. Other/Public Employment 
land utilizations are often found in 
close 
proximity 
to 
Single-Family 
Residential utilizations. The Other/
Public Employment category includes, 
but is not limited to, large employers, 
government buildings, utilities, power 
plants, churches/places of worship, 
and aggregate land utilizations. Open 
Space, Vacant Land, and Agriculture 
land utilizations tend to be on the 
periphery of the County’s border and 
extend inward toward the populated 
areas.
Figure 7.   Existing Land Utilization Distribution
Source: Maricopa Association of Governments, 2026
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
69

Table 5.   Existing Land Utilization in Unincorporated Maricopa County 
Existing Land Utilization
Percent of 
Total Land
Square Miles
Agriculture
4.17%
292.447
Industrial
0.05%
3.628
Multi-Family Residential
0.06%
4.421
Office
0.01%
0.607
Open Space
73.83%
5,182.142
Other/Public Employment
1.14%
80.29
Retail
0.11%
7.528
Single-Family Residential
2.48%
173.847
Transportation
0.68%
47.494
Vacant
17.47%
1,226.293
TOTAL
100.00%
6,596.527
Source: Maricopa Association of Governments, 2026
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Source: Maricopa Association of Governments, 2026
91.7% 
Open Space and Vacant land collectively account for 
91.7% of the existing land utilizations in unincorporated 
Maricopa County.
Map 5.   Existing Land Utilization Map
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
71

Planning Considerations
Area Plan Program
Maricopa County’s Area Plan Program 
has proved to be effective at addressing 
local concerns in the unincorporated 
area. Each Area Plan includes unique 
policies, a future land use map, and an 
implementation program. Although an 
Area Plan addresses local needs, they 
still support this Comprehensive Plan 
and will continue to be an important 
part of the County’s future strategy.
In the past ten years, Maricopa 
County updated the Daisy Mountain/
New River Area Plan in 2019 and 
the 
White 
Tank 
Grand 
Avenue 
Area Plan in 2023. These updates 
accounted for significant growth, 
changes in development patterns, 
and adjustments to their individual 
plan limits as urban development 
continues and adjacent municipalities 
continue to expand their jurisdictions. 
Map 6 shows the extents of the eight 
active Area Plans in Maricopa County 
and the following list orders by the 
year of their most recent update. 
	
„ White Tank Grand Avenue Area Plan 
(2023)
	
„ Daisy Mountain/New River Area 
Plan (2019)
	
„ Goldfield Area Plan (2007)
	
„ Old U.S. Highway 80 Area Plan 
(2007)
	
„ Rio Verde Foothills Area Plan (2005)
	
„ Rainbow Valley Area Plan (2003)
	
„ State Route 85 Area Plan (2003)
	
„ Tonopah/Arlington Area Plan (2000)
Maricopa County supports updating 
the 
individual 
Area 
Plans 
when 
significant 
shifts 
are 
recognized 
including, but not limited to, rapid 
land use changes, rising development 
pressures, 
or 
projected 
surges 
in 
population 
and 
employment. 
Updates are also encouraged when 
the planning for major infrastructure 
projects, such as freeways, transit 
corridors, or energy facilities, is 
underway. 
An 
unincorporated 
community within the limits of an Area 
Plan limits or the Board of Supervisors 
may also submit a formal request to 
consider commencing an update of an 
established Area Plan.
Public participation is central to 
planning 
practiced 
at 
Maricopa 
County. An Area Plan is only beneficial 
and effective with public engagement 
and input. Any new or amended Area 
Plan(s) must undergo a robust public 
engagement process to ensure that the 
final plan reflects the value, priorities, 
and aspirations of the unincorporated 
community that it serves.
Division of Area Plans
The County can support dividing the 
established Area Plan into two or more 
separate plans if it is determined to be 
appropriate. To determine the need for 
dividing an Area Plan, the following 
conditions must be satisfied:
	
„ A 
single 
established 
Area 
Plan covers portions of the 
unincorporated area that has 
distinct sub-regions with differing 
land 
use 
patterns, 
growth 
trajectories, 
or 
community 
identities;
	
„ P u b lic 
e n g ag e m e n t 
o r 
implementation of the individual 
plan is challenging due to the size 
or complexity of the Area Plan; and, 
	
„ Stakeholders across the distinct 
sub-regions of an established Area 
Plan express strong support through 
a formal request to the County for 
more customized planning.
After satisfying all these conditions, 
the Board of Supervisors can give 
consideration and final approval with 
dividing an individual Area Plan into 
two or more separate Area Plans for 
future planning.
Consolidation of 
Area Plans
Maricopa County also has the ability to 
consolidate adjacent Area Plans when 
it is determined to be appropriate. 
Consolidation 
can 
be 
considered 
when the following conditions are met: 
	
„ Two or more adjacent Area 
Plans share similar land use 
characteristics, infrastructure 
needs, and community goals;
	
„ Administrative efficiency and/
or implementation of planning 
goals would be improved from 
consolidation of the adjacent Area 
Plans;
	
„ There is clear support through 
a formal request to the County 
from affected communities and 
stakeholders for the consolidation 
of the adjacent Area Plans. 
After satisfying all of these conditions, 
the Board of Supervisors can give 
consideration and final approval with 
consolidating separate Area Plans into 
a single Area Plan.
Decommissioning of 
Area Plans
Under the previous Maricopa County 
Vision 2030 Comprehensive Plan, there 
were 13 Area Plans. In 2022, the Board 
of Supervisors, on recommendation 
from the Maricopa County Planning & 
Development Department staff, voted 
to decommission five of these Area 
Plans, resulting in the current eight 
Area Plans. The five decommissioned 
Area Plans included: East Mesa, 
Estrella, Laveen, Mobile, and Queen
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Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
8 
This number represents the number of active Area Plans in 
Maricopa County. 
Map 6.   Maricopa County Area Plans
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73

As defined in ARS § 11-251.12, County Islands are unincorporated areas that 
are completely surrounded by one or more incorporated municipalities or Native 
American communities. These Islands often form when municipalities expand 
and annex surrounding land but leave out certain parcels, either due to property 
owner preference or due to a consideration that the parcels will not bring 
revenue or long-term value to the city or town. Most of these Islands in Maricopa 
County are neighborhood subdivisions, frequently characterized by a less 
densely populated, more rural development pattern than the urban or suburban 
context of the adjacent municipality. However, some well-known County Islands 
in Maricopa County have developed their own sense of community such as Sun 
City, Sun City West, Waddell, Laveen, and Sun Lakes among others. County Island 
land totals 488,643.32 acres within Maricopa County’s area of jurisdiction.
Living in a County Island comes with both benefits and challenges. Residents 
typically enjoy lower taxes as they are not paying for municipal services, and 
often face fewer regulations and ordinances. However, due to Maricopa County 
not providing municipal services, residents of County Islands must manage their 
own utilities and services, such as trash collection, water, wastewater, and fire 
protection, which can be more costly and time-consuming. Additionally, they 
must rely on the County Sheriff’s Office for law enforcement, and cannot vote in 
municipal elections. 
The existence of County Islands presents unique challenges for planning growth, 
development, and service provision. As cities and towns grow and develop in 
Maricopa County, integrating these unincorporated areas can be complex 
and contentious. Some County Islands may eventually be annexed into their 
adjacent surrounding municipalities, while others may remain independent due 
to the preferences of the residents or legal and logistical hurdles. This dynamic 
creates a patchwork of governance and service provision requiring careful 
collaboration between the County and the various municipal authorities to 
coordinate adequate services and support for residents when such services are 
provided by jurisdictions. The most evident example of the challenges with this 
patchwork governance is the provision of police services in the County Islands 
as confusion over jurisdictional responsibility can lead to slower response times 
and gaps in law enforcement. Curbing the growth and ultimately reducing this 
patchwork governance is the reason that state statute now regulates municipal 
annexations to prohibit the creation of new County Islands. Due to this statute and 
County policies associated with service provision, Maricopa County reaffirms its 
support for eliminating existing County Islands in its area of jurisdiction through 
municipal annexation wherever feasible. 
Map 7 identifies the County Islands in Maricopa County. While the larger County 
Islands are easier to spot in Map 7, smaller County Islands present the greater 
number of challenges to manage due to the above-mentioned dynamic of 
governance and service provision. Overall, there are 325 County Islands ranging 
between 1 – 160 acres in size. 
County Islands
Creek. Over 50% of the original acreage within these five Area Plans incorporated 
into adjacent municipalities thus falling outside of Maricopa County’s area of 
jurisdiction. 
The removal of these five Area Plans did result in pockets of unincorporated 
County Islands where little and/or infrequent development generally occurs 
without specific planning tools for handling development. Those County Islands 
now fall within the planning tools of the Comprehensive Plan. 
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74

Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
There are 325 County Islands ranging between  
1 – 160 acres in size, making them candidates for 
annexation from the County’s viewpoint.
Map 7.   County Islands in Maricopa County
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75

County Islands have the ability to incorporate or undergo municipal annexation 
if within a defined MPA and if a majority landowners within the Island desire 
to be a part of a municipality. Moreover, ARS § 11-269.07 gives the authority 
to the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors to vote to require a municipality 
to annex a County Island that is comprised of a single parcel up to ten acres 
in size if neither the property owner(s) nor the municipality submits written 
objections within 60 days of notice of this proposed action. While this law exists 
in state statute, there is very limited evidence of it being actively used due to 
a variety of reasons, including political resistance, administrative hurdles, and 
general unfamiliarity with the procedure. As such, annexations in Maricopa 
County have proceeded under the general annexation statutes rather than this 
specific provision. The 276 County Islands ranging between 1 – 160 acres are 
candidates for annexation from the viewpoint of Maricopa County due to their 
size; however, the sheer volume of individual County Islands within this range of 
acreage will likely require considerable coordination with the potential annexing 
municipalities.
Urban 
Development in 
Unincorporated 
Areas
Urban development has expanded significantly in Maricopa County, driven 
in part by the growing number of master planned communities located in 
unincorporated areas. As these areas become more urban in character, the 
County opens itself to facing increased demand for infrastructure and public 
services. These services are partially subsidized by residents of incorporated 
cities and towns, making it essential to carefully evaluate the financial, social, 
and public health impacts of urban development in unincorporated areas. 
A key challenge that most residents and businesses in unincorporated areas 
experience is the lack of access to municipal services such as water and sewer 
systems, local police and fire departments, trash collection, and public parks, 
all of which are critical to maintaining public health and safety. Cities and towns 
generally do not provide these services outside their jurisdiction. Except for law 
enforcement provided by the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, residents must 
rely on private companies or subscription services to meet these needs. In the 
absence of an elected municipal government, decisions about service provision 
are often made by homeowners’ associations, special districts (like designated 
districts for fire protection), or similar organizations.
While many residents in low-density rural areas value the independence and 
lifestyle associated with unincorporated living, those residing in more urbanized 
unincorporated communities should be fully informed about the limitations 
and responsibilities that come with this choice. Understanding the governance 
structure, service availability, and financial obligations is essential for making 
informed decisions about property investment and long-term residency. Clear 
communication and strategic planning will help ensure that urban growth 
in unincorporated Maricopa County is efficient, balanced, and aligned with 
community expectations.
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Affordable Housing
Like many other localities in the country, Maricopa County is grappling with a 
growing housing affordability crisis, driven by rising home prices, limited housing 
supply, and increasing mortgage rates. This is especially difficult to accept 
for long-time residents and first-time homebuyers due to Maricopa County’s 
historical reputation for an affordable cost of living. Despite a surge in demand, 
new construction has not kept pace, and rising land costs, labor shortages, 
supply chain disruptions, investor activity (i.e. institutional investors, corporate 
landlords, short-term rentals, etc.), and higher interest rates have further driven 
up home prices, leaving many individuals and families finding themselves priced 
out of the local market and increasingly skeptical of future homeownership 
attainability and housing affordability overall in Maricopa County.
Total Housing Units 
The housing stock across unincorporated Maricopa County is fairly homogenous. 
Single Family (single-unit) detached housing accounts for over 73% of the 
County’s housing portfolio and (single-unit) attached housing accounts for 
another 8%, resulting in single-family development comprising over 80% of the 
total number of housing units in unincorporated Maricopa County. The next 
greatest singular category of housing type is mobile homes accounting for nearly 
12%. Multi-family development only accounts for 7% collectively for housing 
with two or more units (source: U.S. Census Bureau 2022 American Community 
Survey 5-Year Estimates).
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
77

Housing Occupancy
Assessing the housing occupancy rate is one indicator of the health of 
unincorporated Maricopa County’s housing market. A low or high vacancy rate 
signals a housing shortage or surplus, indicating a possible imbalance between 
supply and demand. Currently, the national average for housing vacancy is 
slightly over 11%, meanwhile, vacant units accounted for 13% in unincorporated 
Maricopa County. The 13% vacancy rate is higher than the 7-8% vacancy rate 
that is commonly suggested as a long-term “natural” vacancy rate. However, this 
does not necessarily mean that there is a larger supply of available housing units 
since the occupancy rate does not account for vacancies due to renovation, 
unsold/unleased new construction, or the part-time use of the unit as a vacation 
rental, to name a few. Of the 87% of occupied housing units, just over 84% are 
owner occupied, while the last 16% of housing stock is renter occupied (source: 
U.S. Census Bureau 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates).
Median Household Income and Median 
Home Values
Contributing to the decrease in regional housing affordability is the fact that 
Household income has not kept pace with the cost of housing. Maricopa 
County’s median household income is $80,675, which is higher when compared 
to the State median income of $72,581. Meanwhile, the median home value 
in Maricopa County is $371,000, higher than the State median home value at 
$321,400. Both of these facts are shown in Figure 8. 
This condition establishes a price-to-income ratio of 4.6. Financial experts 
suggest buyers spend no more than 2.6 times their annual income on a 
home. However, the national house-price-to-income ratio has been higher 
than the recommended 2.6 every year since 1985. This reality suggests that 
first time homebuyers will need to overcome a much higher hurdle to achieve 
homeownership in the future.
Cost-Burdened Households
Cost-burdened households are those that are paying 30% or more of their income 
on housing costs. Severely cost-burden households are paying 50% or more 
of their household income on housing costs, whether mortgage or rent. When 
households (especially lower income households) spend more on housing costs 
this causes reduced financial flexibility on other essentials like food, healthcare, 
and transportation, which can lead to financial instability and reduced quality of 
life.  Figure 9 shows that across Maricopa County (including unincorporated and 
incorporated areas), it is reported that 499,668 households are cost-burdened, 
which reflects 30% of all households, while 14% of all households are spending 
half or more of their income on housing expenses.
Figure 8.   Median Household 
Income and Home Value in 
Maricopa County 
Median Household Income
MARICOPA COUNTY
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American 
Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Median Home Value
MARICOPA COUNTY
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American 
Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Figure 9.   Percentage of Maricopa 
County Cost-Burdened Households
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Housing Age
Of the 148,782 total housing units 
within 
unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County, 44% were built between 1990-
2009, which encapsulates the housing 
boom and population growth that the 
Greater Phoenix Region experienced 
from the late 1990s to the 2007-2009 
Recession. This housing boom period 
notably saw the development of the 
Anthem community. Housing units 
built in the 1970s account for 23% of the 
housing stock within unincorporated 
Maricopa County, which aligns with 
the development of Sun City West. 
The total housing units constructed by 
decade in unincorporated Maricopa 
County are displayed in Figure 10. 
What is also evident from the data is 
the complete bottoming out of the 
rate of new housing construction in 
Maricopa County compared to the five 
decades prior to 2010. In fact, from 
2000 to 2010, there were 389,400 
units built in Maricopa County overall. 
In contrast, from 2011 to 2023, there 
were only 290,800 units built in 
Maricopa County, which reflects a 25% 
decrease in units built over the last 12 
years (source: Maricopa Association 
of Governments). 
While regional housing construction is 
showing signs of increasing in recent 
years, the lost decade of new housing 
stock of the 2010s may be one of the 
drivers of the County’s current housing 
affordability issue. However, although 
housing unit completions have steadily 
increased across Maricopa County 
over the last number of years, housing 
affordability 
and 
homeownership 
still remains unattainable for many in 
Maricopa County, which underscores 
the need to address the spectrum of 
housing cost factors such as inflated 
land values, increased investor activity, 
higher labor costs, and fluctuating 
interest rates.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 
Figure 10.   Unincorporated Maricopa County Housing Units 
Construction by Decade
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79

Military Compatibility
While not in the unincorporated area of Maricopa County, Luke Air Force Base 
(AFB), its ancillary military facilities at Luke AFB Auxiliary Airfield 1, and Gila Bend 
Air Force Auxiliary Field play an important role in determining the suitability of 
land uses in the vicinities of its ancillary military facilities. While there is concern 
about noise and potential aircraft accidents near these installations, both the 
State of Arizona and Maricopa County recognize the important economic 
impacts of these bases and their need for protection of their operations. For 
areas located within the High Noise Contours, ranging from 65 to 85 decibels, 
or within the Accident Potential Zones (APZ) surrounding designated sites, ARS 
§ 28-8481 imposes specific planning requirements. Local governments must 
adopt land use plans and zoning ordinances that ensure future development is 
compatible and consistent with the noise levels or accident risks associated with 
military facility operations. Such risks may pose adverse effects on public health 
and safety. These state statutory requirements apply to Maricopa County’s land 
use planning since there are portions of the County’s area of jurisdiction that 
are within the High Noise Contours and the APZs of Luke Air Force Base and 
its ancillary military facilities. The High Noise and Accident Potential Zones 
(HNAPZ) of the three military facilities discussed here are shown in Map 8.
Furthermore, ARS § 28-8481 identifies specific uses that are and are not 
considered consistent and compatible with the high noise or accident potential 
zones, although other uses may be permitted upon mutual determination of 
consistency and compatibility by Luke Air Force Base and the local jurisdiction. 
The Comprehensive Plan designates areas within the High Noise or Accident 
Potential Zones as “Military Compatible,” and the compatible zoning requirements 
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High Noise Contours near Luke Air Force Base range from 
65-85  decibels.
Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
Map 8.   Military Bases and Decibel Contour Lines
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81

for these areas are identified in the 
Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance. 
State statute also identifies a larger 
risk area around Luke Air Force Base 
and Auxiliary Airfield #1 and defines 
this area as the Territory in the Vicinity 
of a Military Airport. This area extends 
ten miles to the north, south and west, 
and four miles to the east parallel from 
the center of the main runway at Luke 
Air Force Base and Auxiliary Airfield 
#1. While land use restrictions do 
not apply in this defined area, noise 
reduction techniques are required 
in the construction of new habitable 
buildings.
The Comprehensive Plan is also 
required to identify the influence 
area of a military installation or range 
or Arizona national guard site. ARS 
11-818.01 prescribes the meaning 
of “influence area” as a two-mile 
buffer and the meaning of “military 
installation 
or 
range 
or 
Arizona 
national guard site” as any site that 
is listed in ARS 11-818.01.(G)(2). In 
Maricopa County, there are three such 
sites that are listed in state statute 
as a military installation or range or 
Arizona national guard site. They are: 
	
„ Barry M. Goldwater Range
	
„ Buckeye Training Site
	
„ Papago Park Military Reservation
As shown in Map 9, these sites have 
two-mile influence areas that affect 
some portions of unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County. 
State 
statute 
requires that the County plan land 
uses that are compatible with the 
operations of the installation, range, or 
site of the unincorporated lands that 
are within these identified influence 
areas.
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2 miles 
 The required buffer defining a military installation’s 
“influence area” under ARS 11-818.01.
Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
Map 9.   Military Installation, Range, or Arizona National Guard Site 
Influence Areas
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83

Aggregate Resources
Aggregate resources in Maricopa County are vital for the region’s construction 
and infrastructure development. These resources, which include sand, gravel, and 
crushed stone, are primarily extracted from riverbeds and floodplains of major 
rivers of the County including the Salt, Gila, Verde, Agua Fria, and Hassayampa 
Rivers as shown in Map 10. The Arizona Geological Survey maintains data 
and maps of the currently known extraction and mining points for aggregate 
deposits to aid in local and County planning, ensuring that these essential 
materials are conserved and managed effectively. The proximity of aggregate 
resources to urban areas helps reduce transportation costs and environmental 
impacts, making local sourcing a viable choice. As growth and development 
continues in Maricopa County, the demand for these materials remains high, 
underscoring the importance of strategic resource management to support 
ongoing development while minimizing ecological disruption. While aggregate 
mining is an important and necessary part of the economy the noise, light, dust 
and traffic from aggregate mines can affect the quality of life of nearby residents. 
To protect aggregate mining and safeguard residents’ quality of life Maricopa 
County supports open space buffers, land use transitions, and other techniques 
that appropriately separate aggregate mining and residential land uses.
Maricopa County also views the importance of post-operation planning for 
aggregate mining sites, which the County Flood Control District coordinates 
and assists in such planning. The County supports the restoration of land to a 
beneficial condition on post-aggregates mining reclamation sites. The extent 
of such restoration may include future development of either constructed uses 
or natural habitats and landscapes or an integration of both considering site 
conditions and the compatibility of nearby land uses.
In the Arizona Geological Survey, soil types that are conducive to being sources 
of aggregates as well as the presence of riverbeds and floodplains do exist 
within Maricopa County’s area of jurisdiction. Maricopa County will consider the 
importance of preserving these areas of potential sources aggregate materials 
as future development occurs.
The Maricopa County Aggregate Mining Operations Zoning District #1 (also 
shown in Map 10) is a designated area established to manage and regulate 
aggregate mining activities within a specific region. This district encompasses 
a three-mile radius around the main channel of the Agua Fria River, between 
the CAP Canal and Grand Avenue. The purpose of this district is to balance the 
needs of the mining industry with the concerns of local residents, ensuring that 
mining operations are conducted responsibly and with minimal impact on the 
surrounding community.
The district is overseen by the Aggregate Mining Operations Zoning District #1 
Recommendation Committee, which includes representatives from both the 
mining industry and local residents. This committee acts as a mediator to resolve 
conflicts, adopts administrative regulations, and provides recommendations to 
the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. By fostering collaboration between 
stakeholders, the committee aims to promote best mining practices while 
protecting the quality of life for residents in the area.
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The Maricopa County Aggregate Mining Operations Zoning 
District #1 is a designated area established to manage and 
regulate aggregate mining activities within a specific region.
Source: Arizona Geological Survey, 2024
Map 10.   Aggregates in Maricopa County Map
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85

Fire Protection
Maricopa County is served by 22 fire districts that are displayed in Map 11. All 
of the fire districts in unincorporated Maricopa County are crucial in maintaining 
safety and responding to emergencies in areas not covered by municipal fire 
departments. Each fire district is independent, with its own administration, 
funding, and resources tailored to meet the specific needs of its community. 
They work closely with other emergency services and local governments to 
coordinate efforts during large-scale emergencies and disasters. They work 
closely with other local agencies to provide coordinated and efficient services. 
The presence of these fire districts helps maintain a high level of safety and 
preparedness across Maricopa County. Some of the fire districts with the highest 
number of residents within their borders include: 
	
„ Buckeye Valley Fire District: Covers the Buckeye Valley area and provides 
comprehensive fire and emergency medical services.
	
„ North County Fire & Medical District: Serves the northern parts of the County. 
This district focuses on both fire suppression and medical emergencies.
	
„ South County Fire & Medical District: Serves the southern regions of the 
County, ensuring residents receive timely fire and medical response.
Since 2023, these three fire districts have operated under the Arizona Fire & 
Medical Authority (AFMA). The AFMA is an intergovernmental agreement where 
the three districts retain local control over individual budgets and services along 
with separate tax rates, while the personnel, equipment, facilities, and daily 
operations of the combined districts are governed by a Joint Powers Authority 
(JPA) Governing Board. This operating model reduces overhead costs and 
improves service levels without dissolving the districts.
For unincorporated areas outside of the fire districts and select incorporated 
areas, Rural Metro Fire is a key provider of fire protection and emergency 
medical services. Operating under a subscription-based model, the company 
offer comprehensive services including fire prevention, fire suppression, and 
emergency medical response. Since its founding, Rural Metro Fire has a long-
standing presence in the County, tailoring their services to meet the unique needs 
of each area they serve. Their commitment to safety and readiness ensures 
that residents and businesses in unincorporated regions receive reliable and 
professional emergency services without relying on public funding. 
Additionally, the Maricopa County Emergency Management team coordinates 
efforts to prepare for, respond to, and recover from natural disasters and other 
emergencies. These services work together with the various fire districts to 
maintain safety and security for residents in unincorporated areas.
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Source: 
Source: Maricopa County Office of Enterprise Technology, 2024
22 districts
Maricopa County is served by 22 fire districts, each 
responsible for providing essential services such as 
fire suppression, emergency medical response, and fire 
prevention education to specific areas. 
Map 11.   Fire Districts in Maricopa County
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87

Maricopa 
County Sheriff’s 
Office
Each district is managed by a District Commander and supported by a team 
of deputies, detectives, and administrative staff. This structure allows the 
MCSO to address the unique needs of each area, ensuring comprehensive 
law enforcement coverage throughout Maricopa County. 
The MCSO also offers the Volunteer Posse program. Posse volunteers 
work with deputies and civilian staff to help improve law enforcement and 
enhance public safety, providing an invaluable service to the community. 
Posse volunteer personnel are trained in a variety of essential support 
functions, such as Search and Rescue, Crime Scene, Patrol, Disaster Relief, 
and Emergency Response. 
The MCSO maintains a comprehensive response system across its 
jurisdictions. In data collected for 2022, the MCSO average response times 
reported by the different levels of priority are:
	
„ Priority 1 calls: Average 8.2 minutes
	
„ Priority 2 calls: Average 12.5 minutes
	
„ Priority 3 calls: Average 18.7 minutes
Priority 1 and 2 calls are both deemed emergency calls. Priority 1 is a crime 
involving an immediate threat to life, and Priority 2 is a crime involving an 
immediate and substantial risk of major property loss or damage.
Map 12 shows the locations of the Maricopa County Sheriff Office District 
Substations and the Lake Patrol and Anthem Substations.
In unincorporated Maricopa County, police services are primarily managed by 
the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO). It is responsible for responding 
to emergencies, and ensuring public safety in the unincorporated areas of the 
County. To manage law enforcement services effectively, the MCSO divides 
its jurisdiction into five districts plus a Lake Patrol district unit as summarized 
below:
1.	District 1 covers the eastern part of the 
County, including the County Islands 
in the east valley municipalities. It is 
known for its diverse population and 
urban environment.
2.	District 2 encompasses Luke Air Force 
Base, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating 
Station, 
Phoenix 
International 
Raceway, the University of Phoenix 
Stadium, and a large portion of the 
Barry M. Goldwater Gunnery Range. 
This district covers downtown Phoenix, 
including the Superior Courts, Sheriff’s 
Headquarters, and Chase Field. County 
recreational parks in the district include 
White Tank Mountains Regional Park, 
Estrella Park, and Buckeye Hills.
3.	District 3 comprises both rural farms 
and urban communities, including two 
large senior retirement communities, 
Sun City and Sun City West, and is the 
district with the most calls for service. 
4.	District 4 includes the master-planned 
community of Anthem and services 
two contract municipalities: Carefree 
and Cave Creek. Services are also 
provided to Clearwater Hills.
5.	District 7 is responsible for law 
enforcement 
services 
to 
the 
unincorporated areas of Scottsdale, 
Rio Verde, Tonto Verde, Trilogy at 
Verde River and Goldfield Ranch and 
provides contractual law enforcement 
services to Fountain Hills.
6.	Lake Patrol (District 5) covers 
the 
wilderness 
area 
and 
waterways of the Tonto National 
Forest within Maricopa County 
as well as Lake Pleasant and 
Usery Mountain Regional Park. 
Additionally, 
the 
Lake 
Patrol 
is responsible for Search and 
Rescue Missions, Dive Recovery, 
Mounted Patrol, Concentrated 
Traffic 
Enforcement, 
Flood 
Control 
District 
Enforcement, 
Sheriff’s Medic Program, Mobile 
Field Force, and responding to 
any emergencies involving the 
Palo Verde Nuclear Generating 
Station. Patrols use off-highway 
vehicles, watercraft, and horses 
in addition to traditional vehicle 
modes.
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88

Source: 
Map 12.   Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office District
Source: Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, 2024
Five Districts  
The Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office divides its jurisdiction 
into five districts plus a Lake Patrol unit to effectively 
manage law enforcement services. 
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
89

Agricultural and Rural Lands
The continued conversion of agricultural and rural lands in Maricopa County 
to urban and suburban development has significant implications for the local 
food system. As farmland is subdivided into housing, commercial centers, and 
other infrastructure, the acreage available for crop cultivation and livestock 
production steadily declines. This loss not only reduces the capacity for local 
food production but also disrupts long-standing agricultural operations that 
contribute to the County’s economy and agricultural heritage. The fragmentation 
of rural landscapes also make farming less viable due to increased land costs, 
reduced access/efficiency to water, and conflicts with non-agricultural land 
uses. Moreover, the loss of agricultural land may impact wildlife populations, 
specifically ungulates and migratory bird species which utilize agricultural fields 
for forage and cover.
The decline in local agricultural land affects food security by increasing 
dependence on imported food. Locally grown produce and livestock offer fresher 
options, lower transportation costs and emissions, and stronger connections 
between consumers and producers. As rural lands disappear, opportunities for 
community-supported agriculture, farmers markets, and farm-to-table initiatives 
also diminish. Preserving agricultural land and integrating food production into 
long-range land use planning can serve to maintain a regionally rooted food 
system in the face of rapid urbanization as well as seeking to retain historical 
farmland as rural.
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90

Scenic Corridors
By integrating land use planning with conservation goals, Maricopa County supports the desire 
of residents and visitors to enjoy unobstructed views of mountain ranges, saguaro-studded 
hillsides, and expansive desert vistas while traveling through the region. Scenic corridors in 
Maricopa County utilize development overlays or designations on specified routes that highlight 
the region’s natural beauty, cultural heritage, and unique desert landscapes. These corridors 
are part of the County’s long-range planning efforts, which aims to preserve and enhance the 
visual character of key travel routes. While scenic corridors are not a transportation planning 
tool, they are a long-range planning instrument of the Planning & Development Department. 
Scenic corridors often align with major roadways that traverse areas of significant topographic 
or environmental interest. These corridors are managed with specific design guidelines to 
protect viewsheds, limit intrusive development, and maintain the aesthetic integrity of the 
Sonoran Desert. The scenic corridors in Maricopa County include:
	
„ Carefree Highway Scenic Corridor 
	
„ Castle Hot Springs Scenic Corridor
	
„ El Rio Scenic Corridor (as represented by the El Rio Design Guidelines and Planning Standards)
	
„ I-17 Scenic Corridor
	
„ McMicken Scenic Corridor 
	
„ New River Road & 7th Street
	
„ Olive Avenue Scenic Corridor
	
„ State Route 74 Scenic Corridor (Highway 74 Scenic Corridor)
	
„ Wickenburg Scenic Highway Corridor
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
91

All nine of these designated scenic 
corridors in Maricopa County are 
shown in Map 13. The State Route 74 
Scenic Corridor and the Wickenburg 
Scenic Corridor are also regulatory 
corridors in that they are overlay zoning 
districts in the Maricopa County 
Zoning Ordinance. These two zoning 
overlays applied to their respective 
scenic corridors establish criteria 
that encourage orderly and minimal 
impacting development along these 
routes to preserve the surrounding 
natural 
and 
cultural 
landscapes 
and scenic qualities. The other four 
scenic corridors are non-regulatory, 
however, there are guidelines in place 
for them to manage and protect the 
scenic nature of the corridor from 
overdevelopment. Any new scenic 
corridors and associated guidelines 
that may be implemented in the future 
are limited from outright prohibiting 
certain land uses due to ARS §12-1131 
through §12-1138 and the intent to 
avoid any claims of diminution in value 
of property as a result of a new land 
use regulation.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
92

Map 13.   Scenic Corridors
Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
9 Scenic Corridors
The number of designated scenic corridors in Maricopa 
County.
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
93

Inter-Jurisdiction Coordination
Maricopa County recognizes the importance of coordinating land use planning 
efforts across jurisdictions to promote consistency and long-term efficiency. 
The previous Comprehensive Plan emphasized the need to align land uses in 
unincorporated areas with those in adjacent municipalities, particularly within 
County Islands and municipal planning areas. This coordination has helped 
reduce land use conflicts, improve service delivery, and support cohesive 
community development.
Collaboration with federal and state agencies has also been a longstanding 
priority and has yielded positive outcomes. Maricopa County has actively 
engaged these agencies in its planning processes, and in turn, has been invited to 
participate in planning efforts for federally and state-managed lands. As growth 
pressures intensify and land use decisions become more complex, continued 
coordination among federal, state, and local entities is essential. Maricopa 
County remains committed to working collaboratively to ensure land use 
compatibility, protect shared resources, and advance regional planning goals. 
In addition, the County will continue to monitor and participate in discussions 
regarding the potential disposition or transfer of federal lands, as such actions 
can significantly influence future development patterns and land use priorities.
Strategies
Coordinated land 
use planning across 
jurisdictions reduces 
conflicts and supports 
cohesive community 
development.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
94

Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
Map 14.   The Areas of Municipal Influence and Rural Influence in 
Maricopa County
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
95

Framework 2040 introduces a new 
strategic Framework for managing 
both urban and rural development 
across the County’s vast and varied 
landscape. It is titled the Municipal-
Rural Influence Framework, and will 
function as the starting reference 
regarding 
development 
decisions. 
At the core of this Framework is the 
identification of two distinct divisions 
of Maricopa County:
	
„ The Area of Municipal Influence
	
„ The Area of Rural Influence
The Area of Municipal Influence 
encompasses all of Maricopa County’s 
unincorporated land that falls within 
the current limits of a Municipal 
Planning Area, within a County Island, 
or within an Improvement Association. 
The Area of Rural Influence is 
comprised of Maricopa County’s 
unincorporated land that is not within 
the Area of Municipal Influence. Map 
14 shows the extents of the Area of 
Municipal Influence and the Area of 
Rural Influence in Maricopa County.
These two influence areas serve as 
organization tools for classifying 
land  and how it can  be developed 
and 
potentially 
annexed. 
These 
classifications are not administrative 
boundaries. 
Rather, 
they 
serve 
as guides in determining where 
urban or rural development is most 
appropriate in Maricopa County’s area 
of jurisdiction. Figure 11 on pages 98-
99 is a graphical representation of the 
Municipal-Rural Influence Framework. 
The Framework is described in full 
detail in the subsequent sections. 
Municipal-Rural Influence Framework
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96

The Area of Municipal Influence
The Area of Municipal Influence is the initial point for determining where urban development is 
appropriate in unincorporated Maricopa County. Any unincorporated area within the Area of Municipal 
Influence that has an urban land use designation (see Municipal-Rural Influence Framework Step 2 
on page 98) from either the Comprehensive Plan or an Area Plan is part of the County’s Urban Growth 
Area. Relatedly, any unincorporated land within the Area of Municipal Influence that has a rural land 
use designation (which is only either the Single Family - Rural or Rural Retail land uses) from either 
the Comprehensive Plan or an Area Plan can be considered part of the County’s Urban Growth Area 
provided the unincorporated land satisfies all of the following criteria: 
	
„ The applicable municipal general plan has designated the parcel(s) for urban uses;
	
„ The parcel(s) meets the applicable Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy requirements; 
and
	
„ The parcel(s) have an assurance of annexation from the applicable municipality.
Any unincorporated area with a rural land use designation that can be categorized in the Urban Growth 
Area is eligible to explore a Comprehensive Plan Amendment to an urban land use designation. 
Unincorporated areas with a rural land use designation within the Area of Municipal Influence that 
cannot be categorized in the Urban Growth Area fall into the Rural Service Area. The Rural Service 
Area accommodates rural land uses and allows for rural industrial or certain commercial land uses 
that would both not be considered part of the County’s Urban Growth Area. 
Industrial activities permitted in the Rural Service Area are rural in nature and may include electric 
generating and distribution facilities, vehicle proving grounds and test facilities, mining and extraction 
operations, and agriculturally-oriented businesses. These uses are well suited to rural areas due to 
their need for large parcels of land and limited reliance on public infrastructure. Their inclusion in the 
Framework reflects a thoughtful approach to economic development that balances land capacity 
with the preservation of rural community values.
Commercial development in the Rural Service Area is subject to more stringent review but may be 
allowed without a formal amendment to the Comprehensive Plan if the site is under 40 acres and 
satisfies alternative criteria to the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy. This flexibility 
allows small-scale commercial sites that steward the character of the rural landscape.
The Area of Rural Influence
The Area of Rural Influence contains all the unincorporated land that is outside of a Municipal Planning 
Area, a County Island, or an Improvement Association. All of this unincorporated land, if outside of 
an Area Plan, is designated for rural land uses (which are only the Single Family - Rural or Rural Retail 
land uses) in the Comprehensive Plan and is categorized into the Rural Service Area. Within an Area 
Plan, a parcel with an urban land use is categorized into the Urban Growth Area, and a parcel with a 
rural land use is categorized into the Rural Service Area. As discussed above, exceptions to allow for 
rural industrial or certain commercial land uses apply in the Rural Service Area.
Assurance of Annexation
Assurance of annexation is an essential step for guiding land use changes from rural to urban in 
Maricopa County. The Municipal-Rural Influence Framework necessitates obtaining an assurance 
of annexation from the appropriate municipality to determine the likelihood of municipal services 
before urban development occurs. This works to ensure that a Comprehensive Plan Amendment 
aligns with municipal planning efforts and prevents the indefinite formation of unsupported County 
Islands and leapfrog development. An assurance of annexation is either an executed pre-annexation 
agreement or an executed municipal services agreement. Effective annexation assurance planning 
requires close coordination between the County and municipalities and depends on the availability 
of infrastructure and services needed to support urban development. For its part, development will 
need to coordinate with municipalities and seek support through an assurance of annexation.
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
97

Figure 11.   Municipal-Rural Influence Framework
Identify if subject 
parcel is located 
in the “Area of 
Municipal Influence” or the 
“Area of Rural Influence.”
STEP 1
Encompasses all of Maricopa County’s 
unincorporated areas that fall within the  current 
limits of a Municipal Planning Area, within 
a County Island, or within an Improvement 
Association.
Area of Municipal Influence
Encompasses all of Maricopa County’s 
unincorporated areas that are not a part of the 
“Area of Municipal Influence.”
Area of Rural Influence
Utilize the current 
Maricopa County 
Land Use Plan/
Area Plans to determine if the 
subject parcel has an “Urban 
Land Use” or “Rural Land Use” 
designation.
STEP 2
Refers to the designation of unincorporated 
land in Maricopa County that does not have 
a rural land use designation. All land use 
designations 
available 
in 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County besides Single Family - Rural 
and Rural Retail would be urban land uses. A 
previously approved Development Master Plan 
outside of an Area Plan may be determined 
to be an urban land use by the Planning & 
Development Department Director.
Urban Land Use
Refers to the designation of unincorporated 
land in Maricopa County that has a rural land 
use designation, which includes either Single 
Family - Rural or Rural Retail.
Rural Land Use
Determine if the 
subject parcel is in 
an “Urban Growth 
Area” or “Rural Service Area.”
STEP 3
Any unincorporated land falling into the Urban 
Growth Area has the ability to be re-designated 
through the Comprehensive Plan Amendment 
process to an appropriate land use (urban 
or rural relative to surrounding context and 
infrastructure).
Within the “Area of Municipal Influence”, a 
subject parcel with a rural land use designation 
can be determined to be a part of the Urban 
Growth Area if it is designated as an urban 
land use in the Municipal Planning Area of the 
applicable municipal general plan, satisfies 
the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy requirements, and has an assurance 
of annexation.
Outside of the “Area of Municipal Influence,” 
a subject parcel with an urban land use 
designation in an Area Plan is determined to be 
a part of the Urban Growth Area.
Urban Growth Area
Any unincorporated land falling in the Rural 
Service Area accommodates rural land use 
designations. 
Rural industrial land uses that require large 
amounts of land, but not urban services and 
infrastructure, are acceptable in the Rural 
Service Area. These uses could include 
electric generating and distribution facilities, 
proving grounds and test facilities, mining and 
extraction operations, agriculturally-oriented 
businesses, and other rural-type industrial 
uses on a case-by-case basis.
Certain commercial land uses that do not 
require a Comprehensive Plan Amendment 
and can prove alternative satisfactions to 
the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy requirements are acceptable in the 
Rural Service Area.
Rural Service Area
Ability 
to 
now 
evaluate 
if 
an 
urban land use or 
rural land use is appropriate 
for the subject parcel.
STEP 4
The evaluation process will consider consistency with the goals and policies of the Comprehensive 
Plan as well as meeting the applicable Urban Solutions for Urban Development (USUD) strategy 
requirements and whether the land in question has an assurance of annexation with the applicable 
municipality to prevent the formation of a new County Island.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
98

Area of 
Municipal 
Influence
Area of 
Rural 
Influence
	
„ Municipal Planning Area
	
„ County Island
	
„ Improvement Association
Urban 
LAND USE
Urban 
GROWTH 
AREA
Rural 
LAND USE
Rural 
LAND USE
Rural 
SERVICE 
 AREA
Rural 
SERVICE 
 AREA
MPA URBAN 
DESIGNATION
USUD | ANNEX
URBAN LAND USE 
IN AREA PLAN
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
99

The Urban Solutions for Urban Development (USUD) strategy is a policy 
approach used to evaluate the availability and accessibility of infrastructure 
and services when considering urban development. This strategy helps inform 
decisions related to a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or Zoning District 
Change by identifying whether infrastructure and services can support proposed 
development over time.
The USUD strategy is advisory and is not a regulatory requirement. It does not 
establish conditions of approval or require that infrastructure or public facilities 
be constructed or in place prior to development approval.
The following factors may be considered as part of the evaluation of a 
Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Zoning District Change for urban 
development. These considerations are used to inform staff analysis and 
decision-making. Not all factors will apply in every case, and they are not 
intended to function as minimum thresholds or approval criteria. These factors 
are not applied uniformly and will vary based on the type, scale, and location of 
the proposed development.
Urban Solutions 
for Urban 
Development 
Strategy
1 
The availability of potable water 
service, including confirmation 
of infrastructure, a Certificate of 
Convenience and Necessity, and 
verification by the service provider of 
the ability to adequately serve new 
residents and businesses
2 
The availability and capacity 
of 
sewer 
service, 
including 
verification by the service provider
3 
The capacity of the roadway 
network 
to 
accommodate 
expected traffic increases
4 
The presence of regional flood 
control 
infrastructure, 
where 
necessary
5 
The availability of dry utilities 
(electric, telephone, natural gas), 
as applicable
6 
The 
availability 
of 
law 
enforcement and fire service
7 
Access to hospital or emergency 
medical 
facilities, 
where 
applicable
8 
The availability and proximity 
of elementary, middle and high 
school capacity, as appropriate
9 
The availability and proximity of 
adequate parks, recreation, and 
community facilities
10 
The availability and proximity 
of 
libraries 
and 
other 
community facilities, as applicable
11 
The availability and proximity 
of alternative transportation 
facilities, as applicable
12 
The availability of other urban 
services and infrastructure, as 
applicable and based on the specific 
development proposal
Not all urban development requires these services or infrastructure, so Table 6 
identifies which services and infrastructure should be confirmed to exist or be 
readily available prior to a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Zoning District 
Change (note: the numbers in Table 6 correspond to the paragraph numbers 
listed above). However, not all of these listed urban services and infrastructure 
are expected to be present or resolved at the time of application.
Considering the listed urban services and infrastructure in Table 6 achieves 
several important objectives:
	
„ Protecting taxpayers as well as public health, safety, and general welfare;
	
„ Identifying which unincorporated areas are able to support urban development;
	
„ Implementing an important county policy: having orderly, timely, and efficient 
urban development; and
	
„ Helping the county determine when and where urban development is 
appropriate.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
100

The USUD strategy is used to inform staff recommendations and Board of Supervisors’ decisions by identifying 
infrastructure conditions, service availability, and long-term planning considerations. It does not operate as a checklist or 
pass-fail test for approval. Final decisions are based on the full range of adopted goals, policies, and case-specific factors.
Note: This table illustrates typical service relationships by land use type. It is not a set of requirements and is not used as a checklist for development 
approval.
Coordinated Pattern of Development
Achieving 
a 
coordinated 
pattern 
of 
development 
is 
essential 
to 
supporting Maricopa County’s long-
term strategic goals. Coordinated 
development 
can 
help 
produce 
balanced and economically efficient 
land use patterns that include a 
well-integrated mix of residential, 
retail, office, industrial, employment 
centers, open space, and community 
amenities. This approach advances 
several 
key 
objectives, 
including 
the implementation of the County’s 
Strategic 
Priorities, 
enhancement 
of overall quality of life, expansion 
of the economic and tax base, 
maintenance of fiscal stability, and 
reduction of reliance on residential 
development as the primary source 
of growth. In addition, balanced land 
use contributes to public health by 
increasing access to recreational 
opportunities, shortening travel times, 
and allowing residents more personal 
time.
This planning approach is especially 
important in unincorporated areas, 
where 
long 
distances 
between 
homes, workplaces, services, and 
recreational spaces are common. 
Land 
use 
imbalances 
in 
these 
areas can result in increased traffic 
congestion, 
longer 
commutes, 
and limited access to essential 
services. Achieving balance in these 
settings is often challenging due to 
differing community expectations, 
infrastructure constraints, and the 
evolving nature of growth at the edge 
of urban development. As expansion 
continues, new challenges arise in 
areas where urban and rural lifestyles 
converge. These urban and rural 
interface zones require thoughtful 
planning and practical solutions to 
maintain compatibility and livability.
Service / Infrastructure
Urban 
Residential
Urban 
Commercial
Urban 
Industrial
1  Water
YES
YES
YES
2  Sewer
YES
YES
YES
3  Roads
YES
YES
YES
4  Flood Control
YES
YES
YES
5  Dry Utilities
As Applicable
As Applicable
As Applicable
6  Police & Fire
YES
YES
YES
7  Medical
YES
NO
NO
8  Schools
YES
NO
NO
9  Parks & Recreation
YES
NO
NO
10  Libraries
As Applicable
NO
NO
11  Alternative Transportation 
As Applicable
As Applicable
As Applicable
12  Other Services
As Applicable
As Applicable
As Applicable
Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development Department
Table 6.   Urban Service and Infrastructure Considerations by Land Use Type
The numbers in Table 6 correspond to the paragraph numbers listed on page 100.
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
101

Key strategies for these transitional 
areas include consistent decisions 
about land use compatibility and 
addressing the diverse expectations 
of rural and urban residents. This 
involves managing the externalities 
of agricultural activities, including 
impacts from large animal livestock, 
on nearby suburban neighborhoods, 
while also preserving the ability of 
rural residents to continue traditional 
practices. It is important to determine 
appropriate land use densities and 
intensities and to recognize the 
range of lifestyle preferences among 
residents. Some individuals prefer 
a rural environment with large lots 
and minimal services, others seek 
a suburban setting with low-density 
development and access to amenities, 
and still others desire an urban 
lifestyle with higher density and full 
access to services and opportunities. 
Establishing realistic expectations for 
infrastructure and service delivery in 
remote areas is essential. The County 
must also consider whether and 
when it is appropriate for residents 
of cities and towns to contribute to 
the cost of enhanced services in 
unincorporated communities, such as 
law enforcement, animal control, and 
street maintenance. These decisions 
will play a critical role in shaping the 
future of growth and governance 
across Maricopa County.
Maricopa County Land Use Plan
In order to work toward accomplishing a coordinated pattern of development in the unincorporated 
area, Maricopa County uses a land use plan to guide how the coordinated pattern should develop based 
on the availability of current infrastructure, the suitability for future infrastructure, the potential for 
future annexation, feedback from the unincorporated residents in the Area Plans, and environmental 
considerations. Maricopa County recognizes 35 different land use designations as listed and described 
in Table 7. The designations can be grouped together under the following 7 broader categories:
	
„ Residential – Single Family
	
„ Residential - Multiple Family
	
„ Residential - Other
	
„ Retail Commercial
	
„ Employment
	
„ Recreation
	
„ Other
The 35 land use designations are primarily used in the individual land use plans of the 8 Area Plans. The 
White Tank Grand Avenue Area Plan is the only one of the Area Plans that pulls its land uses solely from 
the Land Use Designations shown in Table 7. The other Area Plans utilize land uses that are similar to 
those found in the Land Use Designations Table in this Plan, but they do differ in name and description. 
In the effort of standardization across the County going forward, each Area Plan Update or new Area 
Plan must utilize the land use designations in the Comprehensive Plan in their respective land use 
plans. The rest of the unincorporated County outside of the eight Area Plans is designated as Rural 
Development Area. Map 15 shows the organization of Maricopa County’s land use plan by Area Plans 
as well as the Rural Development Area and Area of Municipal Influence.
Rural Development Area
The Rural Development Area is the portions of the unincorporated County outside of an Area Plan. 
This designation encompasses the two rural land uses: Single Family - Rural and Rural Retail. Single 
Family – Rural is a residential land use with a density of one dwelling unit per acre or less and Rural 
Retail is a commercial land use that has retail uses such as commercial plant nurseries, public riding/
boarding stables, feed stores, kennels, and large animal medical clinics. Open Space and Parks land 
use designations intended for public use or benefit are also accommodated with the Rural Development 
Area where appropriate. There are unincorporated areas with the Rural Development Area designation 
that fall within the Area of Municipal Influence.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
102

Source: Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2026
Land Use Plan Map Notes 
1. Unincorporated areas outside of County Area Plans are designated Rural Development Area and accommodate rural land uses and rural zoning (with 
allowances for rural industrial land uses and certain commercial land uses) unless considered as part of the Urban Growth Area within the Municipal-Rural 
Influence Framework. 
2. Portions of an Area Plan that are outside of the Area of Municipal Influence function under their own unique and respective Area Plan. These portions can 
be considered for a Comprehensive Plan Amendment within the Municipal-Rural Influence Framework.
3. All land designated under a previously approved Comprehensive Plan Amendment shall remain designated in accordance with the amendment unless or 
until the amendment has been rescinded through an action by the Board of Supervisors.
4. In accordance with ARS § 11-804(E), any Arizona State Land Department Trust Land designated as open space, recreation, conservation, or agriculture 
shall have a default minimum development density of 1 dwelling unit/acre. Any higher density/intensity designation shall require a Comprehensive Plan 
Amendment.
Map 15.   Maricopa County Land Use Plan
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
103

Table 7.   Land Use Designations
Land Use Designation
Designation Description and Characteristics
Appropriate Zoning 
District***
RESIDENTIAL - SINGLE FAMILY
Single Family - Rural*
Density of 1 primary dwelling unit or less per gross 
acre
Rural-190, Rural-70, Rural 43
Single Family - Large 
Lot
Density greater than 1 primary dwelling unit per 
gross acre, but not more than 2 primary dwelling 
units per gross acre
R1-35
Single Family - 
Suburban
Density greater than 2 primary dwelling units per 
gross acre, but not more than 3 primary dwelling 
units per gross acre
R1-18
Single Family - 
Transitional Lot
Density greater than 3 primary dwelling units per 
gross acre, but not more than 5 primary dwelling 
units per gross acre
R1-10
Single Family - Small 
Lot
Density greater than 5 primary dwelling units per 
gross acre, but not more than 8 primary dwelling 
units per gross acre
R1-8, R1-7, R1-6
RESIDENTIAL - MULTIPLE FAMILY
Multiple Family - Low
Density greater than 8 primary dwelling units per 
gross acre, but not more than 12 primary dwelling 
units per gross acre
R-2
Multiple Family - 
Intermediate
Density greater than 12 dwelling units per gross acre, 
but not more than 20 dwelling units per gross acre
R-3
Multiple Family - High
Density greater than 20 primary dwelling units per 
gross acre
R-4, R-5
Land Use 
Designation 
Table
Table 7 lists the designations recognized by Maricopa County for future planning 
purposes. In keeping with state law all changes in zoning district boundaries must 
be consistent with and conform to this Comprehensive Plan. Therefore, each 
designation includes an equivalent zoning district to help ensure consistency.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
104

Land Use Designation
Designation Description and Characteristics
Appropriate Zoning 
District***
RESIDENTIAL - OTHER
Mobile Home 
Community
One or more mobile homes on a parcel of land that 
typically comprises a mobile home park or mobile 
home subdivision
Special Use Permit, or R-5 (which 
is the least intensive zoning 
district to meet requirements)
RETAIL COMMERCIAL
Rural Retail*
Commercial plant nurseries, public riding & boarding 
stables, feed stores, kennels, and large animal 
medical clinics
Special Use Permit, or least 
intensive zoning district to meet 
requirements
Convenience Retail
Gas stations, convenience grocery/drug, and other 
small stand alone stores of similar character; total 
retail space: ≤ 30,000 sq. ft; typical site area: up to 
5 acres
C-1
Neighborhood Retail
Lead tenant single supermarket or specialty retail 
store along with small-scale secondary stores; total 
retail space: 30,000 - 150,000 sq. ft (anchor ratio: 
30% - 50%); typical site area: up to 15 acres
C-S or C-1 (least intensive zoning 
district to meet requirements)
Community Retail
Lead tenant of one or more department, warehouse, 
or specialty retail stores along with small-scale 
secondary stores typical of a Power Center; total 
retail space: 100,000 - 400,000 sq. ft (anchor ratio: 
40% - 60%); typical site area: up to 40 acres
C-S
Regional Retail
Lead tenant of more than one department store 
along with small-scale secondary stores typical of 
outlet or enclosed malls; total retail space: 400,000+ 
sq. ft (anchor ratio: 50% - 70%); typical site area: up 
to 100 acres
C-S
Miscellaneous Retail
Stand-alone commercial uses that do not meet 
any other commercial land use category, and are 
intended to serve local or community needs
Least intensive zoning district to 
meet requirements
EMPLOYMENT
Office
Office space for administrative, professional, semi-
professional, and support activities where no retail 
trade is conducted
C-O
Light Industrial
Warehouse, distribution, and large-scale storage 
activities as well as manufacturing and assembly 
of small goods intended for end users. Noise, odor, 
dust, glare, and other side effects are completely 
confined within an enclosed building
IND 1
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105

Land Use Designation
Designation Description and Characteristics
Appropriate Zoning 
District***
Heavy Industrial
Manufacturing, assembly, and fabrication of large 
goods requiring heavy raw materials; processing 
and refinement of natural resources; data centers
IND-2 or IND-3 based on uses 
(least intensive zoning district to 
meet requirements)
Business Park
Large area specifically designated for office, 
research, warehouse, and direct support employment 
uses of similar types that are grouped together 
and located in close proximity or on the same lot. 
Uses are developed under a coordinated plan with 
integrated infrastructure. Residential, general retail, 
and industrial uses involving assembly, fabrication, 
and processing are not allowed
C-O
Industrial Park
Large area specifically designated for either light 
industrial and support uses or heavy industrial and 
support uses of similar type, and developed under 
a coordinated plan with integrated infrastructure. 
Residential and general retail uses are not allowed
IND 1, IND 2, or IND 3 (least 
intensive zoning district to meet 
requirements)
Mixed Use 
Employment
Mix of office, research, warehouse, light industrial, 
and support employment uses on the same or 
adjacent parcels. Residential and general retail uses 
are not allowed
Least intensive zoning district to 
meet requirements
RECREATION
Golf
Golf courses and driving ranges
Any (golf course); Special Use 
Permit (driving range)
Parks
Active recreation areas improved with playfield, 
exercise, picnic, and general recreation facilities. 
Sub-categories include mini-parks (¼ mile service 
area, approximate size 1 acre); neighborhood parks 
(1 mile service area, approximate size 15 acres); 
community parks (1-2 mile service area; approximate 
size 25 acres)
ANY
Open Space
Unimproved areas specifically designated for 
preservation in an unaltered, natural state and which 
only offer passive recreation
ANY
Resort & Campground
Guest ranch, RV park, campground, resort
Special Use Permit as applicable, 
or least intensive zoning district 
to meet requirements
Zoo
Zoo, wildlife preserves, exotic animal farms
Special Use Permit as applicable, 
or least intensive zoning district 
to meet requirements
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Land Use Designation
Designation Description and Characteristics
Appropriate Zoning 
District***
OTHER
Mixed Use
Mix of single and multiple family residential, office 
employment, parks and open space, appropriate 
community services, and retail commercial uses 
within the same building, same parcel, and/or same 
area under a single, integrated plan that emphasizes 
close proximity and pedestrian orientation
Least intensive zoning district to 
meet requirements
Public Assembly
Stadiums, arenas, amphitheaters, race tracks, rodeo 
facilities, auctions and swap meets, amusement 
parks, convention facilities, amusement parks, 
miniature golf course, commercial dormitories, and 
other uses involving large assemblage of people
Special Use Permit as applicable, 
or least intensive zoning district 
to meet requirements
Community Service
Facilities for government, education, religious 
worship, cemeteries, social gathering, public safety, 
residential care, and large-scale medical care which 
serves the general public
Special Use Permit as applicable 
or least intensive zoning district 
to meet requirements
Utilities
Electric generating plants, water and wastewater 
treatment facilities, and associated offices and 
accessory equipment
IND 2
Transportation
Airports, transit centers, rail yards
Special Use Permit as applicable; 
IND 2
Waste Disposal
Landfills, waste transfer and recycling facilities
Special Use Permit as applicable; 
IND 3
Storage
Mini-warehouse; storage & impoundment of vehicles, 
homes, aircraft, & boats; general outdoor storage
C-2 as applicable; special use 
permit as applicable; IND-3 as 
applicable based on use (least 
intensive zoning district to meet 
requirements)
Proving Grounds**
Facilities for testing equipment and products
IND-2 or SUP
Military Compatible
Applicable only within state statute-defined High 
Noise or Accident Potential Zones, it includes 
only those uses determined to be compatible and 
consistent with the high noise or accident potential 
of a military airport or ancillary military facility
Military Airport & Ancillary 
Military Facility Overlay Zoning 
District
* Unincorporated areas outside of County Area Plans are designated Rural Development Area and are only appropriate for rural land uses and rural zoning (with 
allowances for rural industrial land uses and certain commercial land uses) unless considered as part of the Urban Growth Area within the Municipal-Rural Influence 
Framework.
** This Comprehensive Plan recognizes permanently entitled Proving Grounds locations within the Area Plans. Although not shown on Maricopa County Land Use 
Map, the Proving Grounds designation is applicable for all proving grounds locations within this Plan or within the Area Plans, except for areas that fall within land 
designated as Military Compatible.
*** For guidance only based on gross project density and as applicable to current zoning districts. Other zoning districts may be appropriate on a case-by-case basis 
via the UPD process. This does not prevent the addition of new zoning districts to the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance.
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OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by ensuring growth 
is coordinated, high-quality, 
and inclusive.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals reinforce 
Stewardship by promoting 
responsible land use and 
environmental protection.
PROSPERITY
These goals collectively 
support Prosperity by fostering 
economic stability and growth 
with fiscal responsibility.
Goals & Policies
Land Use Goal 1: Achieve a coordinated pattern of development.
Goal Statement: Ensure that development across the County is well-planned and cohesive, 
promoting efficient land use and infrastructure, and leading to a more organized growth pattern.
Land Use Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports phasing plans for new urban development to coordinate such 
development with new urban services and infrastructure.
1.2
Maricopa County supports market feasibility studies, cost/benefit where warranted to help 
determine when new urban development in unincorporated areas is appropriate.
1.3
Maricopa County supports considering the existence or readiness of urban services and 
infrastructure as a factor in the approval or denial of a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or 
a Zoning District Change in accordance with the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy.
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1.4
Maricopa County supports carefully evaluating development in areas where infrastructure 
and public services are limited or not planned, with consideration of long-term service 
delivery and fiscal impacts.
1.5
Maricopa County supports coordinating land use and infrastructure planning with state 
agencies, other counties, municipalities, relevant utilities, federal agencies, and other 
regulatory bodies.
1.6
Maricopa County supports annexation of urban development in unincorporated Maricopa 
County by municipalities.
1.7
Maricopa County supports annexation of any unincorporated area of the County that is within 
a municipal planning area and completely surrounded by a municipality or municipalities.
1.8
Maricopa County supports the prevention of forming new County Islands.
1.9
Maricopa County supports planning coordination with adjacent municipalities, landowners, 
and neighboring public community members for proposed development within County 
Islands or municipal planning areas.
1.10
Maricopa County supports considering the plans and projects of overlapping or neighboring 
agencies in the planning of unincorporated lands and invite comments and coordination 
when appropriate.
1.11
Maricopa County supports flexible design and zoning techniques within County Islands or 
municipal planning areas through pre-annexation agreements, as needed, to align future 
development with the standards and service expectations of the adjacent municipalities.
1.12
Maricopa County supports directing new urban development to the Urban Growth Area 
identified in this Plan and complying with the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy.
1.13
Maricopa County supports balanced land use patterns that include various residential, retail, 
non-retail employment, and public and civic land uses when appropriate urban services are 
available.
1.14
Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new urban development on existing 
rural land uses, including but not limited to, agriculture, mining, and forestry.
1.15
Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new rural development and new 
agriculture on existing urban land uses.
1.16
Maricopa County supports periodic reviews of the Area Plan Program and the individual 
Area Plans to assess relevance, implementation progress, and alignment with the Maricopa 
County Comprehensive Plan.
1.17
Maricopa County supports decommissioning an individual Area Plan upon Board 
consideration and approval if the amount of unincorporated land within the area equals less 
than 50% of the original total Area Plan limits.
1.18
Maricopa County supports requiring any Area Plan Update or new Area Plan to use the land 
use designations in the Comprehensive Plan.
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Land Use Goal 2: Protect public health, safety, and well-being 
within unincorporated Maricopa County.
Goal Statement: Implementing land use policies that prioritize the health, safety, and overall 
well-being of residents is essential for creating desirable developments and destinations and 
maintaining a high quality of life for existing residents.
Land Use Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports considering response times for public safety, fire, and other 
emergency responders in determining the feasibility of new development in unincorporated 
areas.
2.2
Maricopa County supports public safety and security features included in the design of new 
and existing development to promote safe and active communities.
2.3
Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new development on Maricopa County’s 
regional parks, the Maricopa Trail, and other public open spaces.
2.4
Maricopa County supports interconnected trails, parks, preserves, open space, recreation 
centers, and similar features in new development areas where feasible.
2.5
Maricopa County supports the preservation of known and potential sources of aggregates 
and related mining operations within its area of jurisdiction from sterilization by proximate 
incompatible land uses.
2.6
Maricopa County supports land use buffers and land use transitions in urban/rural interface 
areas, including near aggregate mining operations, military installations, proving grounds, 
and the County’s regional parks.
2.7
Maricopa County supports the restoration of land to a beneficial condition on post-
aggregates mining reclamation sites, that may include future development if feasible 
considering site conditions and the compatibility of nearby land uses.
2.8
Maricopa County supports flexible design and zoning techniques when used to establish 
balanced and efficient land use patterns, and when used to protect important environmental 
and open space areas and the connections between these areas.
2.9
Maricopa County supports the use of land use buffers and compatible land use strategies 
near existing and future high voltage electric utility line corridors in coordination with power 
utility companies.
2.10
Maricopa County supports land use compatibility within the High Noise or Accident Potential 
Zone of Luke Air Force Base, Auxiliary Airfield #1, and the military auxiliary airfield near the 
town of Gila Bend.
2.11
Maricopa County supports land use compatibility in the influence area of a military 
installation or range or Arizona national guard site.
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Land Use Goal 3: Encourage high-quality development.
Goal Statement: Development projects that meet high standards of design and construction are 
key for enhancing the County’s aesthetic appeal and long-term viability.
Land Use Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports mixed housing options.
3.2
Maricopa County supports residential development that contributes to maintaining a long-
term level of high quality of development.
3.3
Maricopa County supports locating housing in areas served by transportation networks, in 
close proximity to job centers, and where public services and infrastructure are available or 
readily available.
3.4
Maricopa County supports rehabilitation and/or abatement by private parties of substandard, 
nuisance, vacant, and/or abandoned homes, buildings and land to protect neighborhoods 
and property values.
3.5
Maricopa County supports subdivisions rather than unregulated land divisions otherwise 
known as “wildcat” lot splits.
3.6
Maricopa County supports high-quality commercial centers and well-designed office, 
business, and industrial parks in the Urban Growth Area with a preference for these 
developments to annex into a municipality.
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Land Use Goal 4: Exercise sound financial management in land 
use decisions.
Goal Statement: Land use decisions that strengthen the County’s fiscal health and ensure long-
term financial stability are important and central to the financially responsible planning aims of 
the County.
Land Use Policies:
4.1
Maricopa County supports compliance with its capital improvement and other funding 
programs, except when reimbursement is made to the County for unplanned costs or when 
private capital is used for the provision of services and infrastructure.
4.2
Maricopa County supports using homeowners’ associations and related organizations and 
improvement districts to manage and maintain services, infrastructure, and amenities to 
help limit impacts to taxpayers where appropriate.
4.3
Maricopa County supports using development agreements for large-scale urban 
development to help limit financial impacts to the County.
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Land Use Goal 5: Provide regional leadership on land use issues.
Goal Statement: The County seeks to take a proactive and leading role in addressing land use 
challenges and setting standards for development in the region among the various jurisdictions 
in order to promote best practices in land use planning.
Land Use Policies:
5.1
Maricopa County supports promoting awareness about the unique aspects of living in 
unincorporated areas.
5.2
Maricopa County supports periodic reviews of the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance and 
the initiation of specific amendments on an as needed basis.
5.3
Maricopa County supports periodic comprehensive updates of the Maricopa County Zoning 
Ordinance on an as needed basis.
5.4
Maricopa County supports coordinated planning efforts between local, state, and federal 
agencies.
5.5
Maricopa County supports coordinating with the Arizona State Land Department in the 
planning and design of large-scale urban development in or adjacent to State Trust Land.
5.6
Maricopa County supports working with state and federal agencies and utility companies 
on any changes to their land ownership boundaries that could lead to acquiring land for 
local public use.
5.7
Maricopa County supports coordinating with state and federal agencies and utility 
companies to address safety and security issues associated with new development near 
the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station.
5.8
Maricopa County supports the incorporation by developers of both on-site utility 
infrastructure for large-scale urban developments and the designated utility corridors 
necessary to provide essential utility services to those developments.
 Chapter 5 •  LAND USE
113

6
Transportation

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

The Transportation element establishes Maricopa County’s 
support for coordinating future growth with a safe and 
comprehensive transportation system. The Transportation 
element also emphasizes the importance of an efficient 
transportation system to the region’s economy.
Introduction
A robust, efficient, and high-quality transportation system is vital to the movement 
of people and goods throughout Maricopa County. It serves as a cornerstone for 
economic competitiveness, regional connectivity, and quality of life. This element 
delineates the general location and extent of existing and proposed transportation 
infrastructure in unincorporated Maricopa County which includes:
	
„ Highways
	
„ Arterial and collector streets
	
„ Bicycle lanes and routes
	
„ Other multimodal transportation facilities or options
It is important to note this is a list of transportation infrastructure existing in 
unincorporated Maricopa County and not what the County’s transportation 
department is responsible for planning, prioritizing, and maintaining. 
This element also supports broader regional initiatives aimed at developing 
cohesive roadway transportation networks and supporting multimodal 
facilities where appropriate and feasible. It also identifies barriers to improving 
transportation infrastructure, that are especially relevant in the unincorporated 
areas of the County.
Maricopa County faces a dynamic set of transportation challenges, including rapid 
population growth and limited financial resources. These factors will continue to 
shape the County’s transportation landscape for years to come. However, they 
also present opportunities to implement innovative solutions that address the 
needs of residents and businesses.
While the Comprehensive Plan cannot resolve every transportation issue, it does 
promote a coordinated approach that aligns transportation planning with land use 
decisions. This integration is essential for enhancing mobility, fostering viable and 
balanced growth, and ensuring that transportation investments yield long-term 
benefits for the County.
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Planning 
Considerations 
Existing Roadway Network
The Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT) is responsible 
for maintaining roadway infrastructure within County-owned right-of-way. This 
typically falls within the unincorporated areas of the County that are outside 
the jurisdiction of municipal and state transportation networks. This system 
encompasses approximately 2,458 centerline miles of roadways, forming a critical 
component of the County’s overall transportation framework. Since 2010, there 
has been a total of 10 miles of new freeway frontage added to the state system 
in unincorporated Maricopa County.
MCDOT documents its long-range planning through its Transportation Systems 
Plan (TSP) . This plan outlines how limited financial and physical resources will be 
allocated to maintain and improve the existing roadway network while addressing 
the increasing demand for new infrastructure driven by population growth and 
economic development. The TSP encompasses a broad range of topics, including:
	
„ Engineering and roadway design standards
	
„ Infrastructure financing strategies
	
„ System performance and capacity planning
The TSP provides the analytical foundation for transportation decision-making and 
supports the County’s efforts to deliver a safe, reliable, and efficient transportation 
system.
MCDOT organizes its roadway network within the TSP through a hierarchical 
functional classification system. This system classifies roads based on several 
criteria, including:
	
„ Type of service provided
	
„ Desired Level of Service (LOS)
	
„ Target Maximum Operating Speed Limit
	
„ Roadway design features
2,458 Miles
Miles of roadway that form a critical component of 
Maricopa County’s overall transportation framework.
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The functional classifications used by 
MCDOT are Parkway, Principal Arterial, 
Minor Arterial, Major Collector, Minor 
Collector, and Local. These functional 
classifications are described in Table 
8. The higher classifications, such as 
parkways and arterials, tend to support 
longer-distance travel and connect 
to regional traffic generators. Lower 
classifications, such as collectors 
and local roads, facilitate shorter and 
more localized trips. The MCDOT’s 
functional classifications of the County-
maintained roadway network, including 
both existing and future facilities, are 
displayed in Map 16. MCDOT’s functional 
classification system is separate 
from the functional classification that 
influences a roadway’s eligibility for 
federal and state funding. 
Roadways within Maricopa County 
Regional Parks are under the purview 
of the Maricopa County Parks and 
Recreation Department (MCPRD). As 
part of the parks master plan update 
process, MCPRD is preparing circulation 
plans for each of the twelve Maricopa 
County Regional Parks Master Plans. 
These circulation plans guide roadway 
improvement strategies to provide 
optimal interconnectivity, accessibility, 
and a balanced park roadway system. 
While park roadways account for only 
a fraction of land within the parks and 
preserves, they serve an important role 
in connecting visitors to park facilities. 
County Regional Park roadways use 
separate functional classification 
criteria and are not included in this map.
Table 8.   MCDOT Roadway Functional Classifications  
Roadway Type
Context
Target of Maximum 
Operating Speed
Minimum 
Right-of-Way
Parkway
Urban
55 mph
200 feet
Rural
65 mph
200 feet
Principal Arterial
Urban
45 mph
130 feet
Rural
55 mph
150 feet
Minor Arterial
Urban
45 mph
110 feet
Rural
45 mph
130 feet
Major Collector
Urban
30 mph
80 feet
Rural
40 mph
80 feet
Minor Collector
Urban
30 mph
60 feet
Rural
55 mph
60 feet
Local Road
Urban
25 mph
50 feet
Rural
25 mph
50 feet
Source: Maricopa County Roadway Design Manual, 2025
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The MCDOT network includes roadways classified from 
parkways and arterials to collectors and local roads, each 
serving distinct travel needs.
Source: Maricopa County Department of Transportation, 2025
Map 16.   MCDOT Functional Classification (Existing and Future)
 Chapter 6 •  TRANSPORTATION
119

Table 9.   Maricopa County Bicycle Facility Inventory
Facility Type
Centerline Miles
Bike Lane
160
Bike Route
30
Paved Shoulder
144
Unidentified
53
Total
387
Source: MCDOT Asset Management System, 2026
Active Transportation
The 
Maricopa 
County 
active 
transportation network includes 
bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure 
in the unincorporated areas of the 
County. The MCDOT Roadway Design 
Manual (RDM) provides guidelines for 
the development standards for this 
network. 
Bicycle facilities include, but are not 
limited to, dedicated bicycle lanes, 
signed bicycle routes, and paved 
shoulders. These facilities are located 
in both rural and urban areas of 
unincorporated County. New bicycle 
facilities are routinely added to the 
County’s transportation system during 
roadway construction and maintenance 
projects. Table 9  lists the types of 
bicycle facilities in unincorporated 
Maricopa County as reported in the 
MCDOT Asset Management System. 
Bicycle lanes are located both in 
residential and commercial areas, 
as well as on rural roads which lead 
to parks and recreation areas. Paved 
shoulders are primarily found on 
regional corridors at the edge of the 
County’s more urbanized areas.
The pedestrian facilities in the 
Maricopa County transportation 
network include, but are not limited 
to, sidewalks, crosswalks, curb ramps, 
median refuge islands, pedestrian 
under/overpasses, and signalized 
crossings. Traditionally, sidewalk width 
standards are a minimum of five feet. 
In 2021, MCDOT implemented a six-
foot or greater requirement for all new 
sidewalk projects. According to the 
MCDOT Asset Management System, 
unincorporated Maricopa County 
has 1,276 miles of sidewalks, located 
primarily in residential developments. 
Approximately 59% of all sidewalks that 
are located in unincorporated Maricopa 
County are in Sun City and Sun City 
West. Anthem has just about 10% of all 
sidewalks in unincorporated Maricopa 
County. Unincorporated communities 
near Waddell, Litchfield Park, East 
Mesa, and Laveen also have extensive 
sidewalk networks. Figure 12 shows 
the summary of sidewalk locations in 
Maricopa County as reported from the 
MCDOT Asset Management System.
Beyond providing a safe and designated 
space for walking, the County works to 
adhere to standards from the Americans 
with Disabilities Act (ADA) to build a 
network that emphasizes inclusive and 
independent mobility. To evaluate and 
prioritize ADA facilities, MCDOT created 
the Neighborhood Facilities Analysis 
(NFA) studies to analyze neighborhoods 
in unincorporated Maricopa County and 
provide recommendations to develop 
projects for future implementation.
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Source: MCDOT Asset Management System, 2026
Multimodal and Alternative 
Transportation
Maricopa County does not operate 
or provide regional transit services. 
However, MCDOT does provide 
accessible connections to the overall 
Valley Metro network that provides 
alternative transportation options for 
residents of Maricopa County to access 
nearby and regional destinations. There 
are a total of 17 different operating bus 
routes and 119 bus stops in the Valley 
Metro system located along roadways 
maintained by MCDOT.
The need to support multimodal 
and alternative transportation is 
a reasonable strategy to address 
multiple challenges, including Maricopa 
County’s air quality concerns and the 
economic, social, and environmental 
impacts of traffic congestion. However, 
it is important to clarify that although 
Maricopa County contributes funding 
to public transit, it is not a direct 
provider or operator of such services 
nor does the County have the funding 
for substantial contributions to 
multimodal facilities. Accordingly, the 
Comprehensive Plan emphasizes the 
County’s role in advancing multimodal 
options where feasible such as bicycle, 
pedestrian, and other low-volume 
alternative transportation mode 
facilities. This regional role is where 
the County can exert direct influence 
and provide meaningful support.
Transportation Improvement Plan
Maricopa 
County 
updates 
its 
Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) 
annually to outline and prepare for the 
next five years of enhancements to the 
MCDOT transportation system. The TIP 
prioritizes these improvements, with 
the highest-priority projects scheduled 
first. While the TIP covers a five-year 
span, only the projects listed for the 
first year receive immediate funding 
due to the county’s single-year budget 
approach. However, as projects rise in 
priority, they typically secure funding 
over time.
Since the TIP aligns available funding 
with the highest needs, deviations 
from it can be challenging. Therefore, 
when new development necessitates 
infrastructure improvements not 
included in the TIP, Maricopa County 
assesses the mechanisms for how 
the development should cover these 
costs. This scenario is common in 
unincorporated areas, particularly 
where large urban developments are 
situated within the County’s area of 
jurisdiction. Moreover, this scenario 
highlights the importance of ensuring 
that new growth does not strain the 
County’s financial resources and that 
future improvements are planned 
strategically and rationally.
Figure 12.   Summary of 
Sidewalk Facilities in 
Unincorporated Maricopa 
County
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Strategies
Future Network Growth and 
Maintenance
MCDOT looks to meet future needs 
for its transportation network through 
implementing carefully planned 
solutions that maintain a safe and 
efficient transportation system. 
Following the predominant land use 
patterns, a majority of the future growth 
of new roadways under the County’s 
jurisdiction is planned in the western 
portion of the urban fringe with a 
noticeable concentration of planned 
future roadways north of Interstate 10 
near Tonopah. 
As growth continues throughout 
unincorporated Maricopa County, 
development of the transportation 
system should consider a level 
of sensitivity to the surrounding 
landscape, especially in the rural 
areas of the County. Scenic corridors 
are a helpful tool to contribute to 
community identity and tourism 
appeal by highlighting of the region’s 
natural beauty, cultural heritage, and 
unique desert landscapes. Relatedly, 
wildlife habitat linkages, identified with 
collaboration from state and federal 
agencies, are critical for maintaining 
biodiversity and safe animal movement 
across natural landscapes fragmented 
by development. The Comprehensive 
Plan supports transportation planning 
that considers the impact of the 
growth of the transportation system 
on scenic corridors and determined 
wildlife habitat linkages. The aim is to 
minimize habitat disruption, preserve 
viewsheds, and incorporate other 
potential mitigation measures to strike 
a balance between mobility growth and 
stewardship of the natural landscape.
Preserving Road Alignments
In order to accommodate increased 
traffic on its roadway network from 
growth and new development in an 
efficient and cost-effective manner, 
MCDOT relies on the identification and 
preservation of roadway alignments 
where new or expanded roads are 
anticipated. Identifying future road 
alignments can present challenges 
because of environmental, economic, 
legal, political and engineering 
considerations. However, the overall 
alignment preservation process 
results in long-term plans that provide 
guidance for the preferred locations for 
future roads, highways and bridges.
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Municipal Annexations of 
Roadways
Typically, roads operated by Maricopa 
County are in unincorporated areas and 
travel through rural and often remote 
locales. Compared to municipally 
operated roads, County roads are likely 
to be missing urban features such as 
streetlights, fully built-out roadway 
conditions, fully-controlled drainage, 
and pedestrian facilities.
As the incorporated municipalities 
in the County continue to grow and 
expand, Maricopa County places 
importance on its goal of having both 
land and the adjacent roadways be 
annexed. In the past, municipalities 
often annexed only the land and 
left the adjacent roads behind still 
under the County’s operation, which 
hindered these roads from being 
brought up to the standards of the 
annexing municipality. These County 
roadways were quickly surrounded by 
an increasingly developing urban area 
resulting in transportation needs that 
a municipality is more appropriate to 
address. This led to scalloped streets 
that are a hazardous condition in many 
County Islands where short roadway 
segments change their configurations 
as the pavement crosses between 
the boundaries of incorporated and 
unincorporated areas. Frequently, 
these scalloped street configurations 
do not meet the surrounding municipal 
standards so they are effectively rural 
roads within urban areas that are costly 
to maintain, may not have adequate 
street lighting, and are difficult to 
eliminate. Maricopa County highly 
encourages municipalities to annex 
adjoining roads to reduce scalloped 
streets and help reduce financial 
burden on County taxpayers.
Intelligent Transportation Systems 
and Connected Vehicles
Maricopa 
County 
supports 
the 
deployment 
of 
Intelligent 
Transportation Systems (ITS) and 
Connected Vehicle (CV) technology as 
a means to support and enhance the 
safe and efficient movement of people 
and goods throughout the region 
in a manner that does not increase 
surveillance of drivers’ habits. Through 
its nationally recognized SMARTDrive 
Program, MCDOT has been a leader in 
advancing CV technology since 2008, 
collaborating with partners such as 
ADOT, the University of Arizona, and 
the Institute of Automated Mobility. 
These efforts include the development 
of a 5.3-mile test bed in Anthem, 
Arizona, featuring eleven signalized 
intersections equipped to exchange 
real-time data between vehicles and 
infrastructure, improving emergency 
response and reducing crash risks. 
MCDOT also plays a key role in the 
Arizona Connected Vehicle Program, 
which integrates ITS architecture 
across jurisdictions to support 
seamless communication and traffic 
and safety management. By investing 
in these technologies, Maricopa County 
is building a smarter transportation 
network that reduces congestion, 
enhances safety, and prepares the 
region for future mobility innovations.
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123

Transportation Funding
MCDOT receives the majority of its revenue 
from funds delivered out of the Highway User 
Revenue Fund (HURF), which is made up of 
revenue collected from gasoline and use-fuel 
taxes, motor vehicle registration fees, motor-
carrier taxes, vehicle-license taxes, motor 
vehicle operators’ license fees, and other 
miscellaneous fees. The State of Arizona’s 
Vehicle License Tax (VLT) is a property tax 
based on vehicle assessments that also funds 
a portion of MCDOT transportation initiatives. 
The MAG Arterial Life Cycle Program (ALCP) 
provides over 12% of MCDOT’s annual 
revenue. These funds originate from the 
Proposition 479 half-cent sales tax passed 
by voters in 2024 and started in 2026 to fund 
transportation projects on the MCDOT system, 
as well as funding improvements for other 
jurisdictions in the region. Just under 20% of 
MCDOT’s remaining revenue sources come 
from a combination of intergovernmental 
charges, permit fees, interest earnings, asset 
sales, grants, partnership revenue, and other 
miscellaneous revenue.
It is important for MCDOT to understand the 
sources of its annual funds and analyze the 
projections of available funds into the future. 
This way MCDOT can put together its annual 
TIP using a data-based process to match 
funds to the needs of its entire transportation 
system.
Planned and Conceptual Future 
Highways in Maricopa County
Beyond Maricopa County’s transportation 
system, there are planned future freeway 
facilities (see Map 17) within the County’s 
limits that will travel through unincorporated 
areas and likely bring about transformative 
impacts to them. Interstate 11 (I-11) is a 
planned new freeway corridor that will 
ultimately run from the US-Mexican border 
in Douglas, AZ to Las Vegas, NV. In Maricopa 
County, I-11 will traverse between the City of 
Goodyear and the Sonoran Desert National 
Monument and head north toward Wickenburg 
west of the White Tank Mountains. At the time 
of adoption of this Comprehensive Plan, I-11 
in Arizona has no secured funding and no 
construction timeline.
State Route 30 (SR 30) is another planned 
freeway in the Phoenix metropolitan area that 
will be a second east-west reliever, south of 
Interstate 10 starting at the Interstate 17 at the 
Durango Curve travelling through Laveen and 
ending at State Route 85 southwest of the City 
of Buckeye. The future construction of SR 30 
is slated for funding under Proposition 479. 
When completed SR 30 will most definitely 
have implications for the development of the 
unincorporated areas it travels through near 
Laveen, Avondale, Goodyear, and Buckeye.
Other planned freeway facility improvements 
that will have an effect on unincorporated 
Maricopa County are the furthering of State 
Route Loop 303 (Loop 303) to the planned 
SR 30  alignment and improvements to 
State Route 74 that include widening and 
intersection upgrades. These improvements 
to State Route 74 do have an additional 
consideration of balance due to the facility’s 
designation as a regulatory scenic corridor. 
Both of these improvements to Loop 303 
and State Route 74 would likely prompt and 
advance development in the unincorporated 
areas adjacent to these facilities. 
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Future highways shaping Maricopa County include State 
Route 30, an extension of Loop 303, improvements to State 
Route 74, and Interstate 11.
Source: ADOT 2021; FHWA 2021; MAG RTP MOMENTUM 2050 Update
Map 17.   Future Planned Freeway Facility Map
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Partnering with Jurisdictions in the 
Region
Maricopa County plays a vital role 
as a collaborative partner in regional 
transportation planning, working closely 
with municipal governments, state agencies, 
and federal entities to ensure a cohesive 
and efficient transportation network. 
Through its active participation in regional 
planning organizations such as the Maricopa 
Association of Governments, the County helps 
shape long-range transportation strategies 
that align with local priorities and broader 
regional goals. This partnership enables 
coordinated investment in infrastructure, 
data sharing, and policy development that 
supports multimodal transportation, safety 
enhancements, and efficient growth across 
jurisdictional boundaries.
At the state and federal levels, Maricopa 
County maintains strong working relationships 
with the Arizona Department of Transportation 
(ADOT) 
and 
the 
Federal 
Highway 
Administration (FHWA), among others. These 
collaborations facilitate the integration of 
county transportation projects into statewide 
plans and ensure compliance with federal 
funding and regulatory requirements. By 
leveraging these partnerships, the County 
is able to secure resources for critical 
improvements, contribute to regional mobility 
initiatives, and advocate for policies that 
reflect the needs of its diverse communities. 
This cooperative approach strengthens the 
overall transportation system and reinforces 
Maricopa County’s role as a proactive and 
reliable partner in shaping Arizona’s overall 
mobility future.
Maricopa County does recognize the 
importance of strategic partnerships with 
municipalities to ensure the effective 
maintenance and improvement of the regional 
transportation network. Through cost-sharing 
arrangements and mutual financial support, 
the County has the ability to work with local 
jurisdictions to address roadway repairs 
and enhancements that benefit County 
residents and neighboring communities. 
These cooperative efforts maximize the 
impact of limited public resources, reduce 
duplication, and promote consistent service 
delivery across jurisdictional boundaries. 
By aligning funding priorities and leveraging 
shared investments, Maricopa County helps 
create a more resilient and interconnected 
transportation system.
Additionally, Maricopa County supports the 
use of intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) 
that facilitate the construction of roads within 
or through County Islands to the standards 
of the surrounding municipality. These 
agreements enable municipalities or private 
entities to build infrastructure that meets 
local design and operational expectations, 
particularly in areas slated for future 
annexation. This approach ensures continuity 
in roadway quality, safety, and aesthetics, while 
streamlining the transition of jurisdictional 
responsibility. By endorsing IGAs, the County 
promotes efficient development practices 
and reinforces its commitment to regional 
coordination and long-term planning.
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OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by ensuring 
accessibility and connectivity 
for all residents.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals promote Stewardship by 
encouraging efficient transportation 
systems that reduce congestion and 
environmental impacts.
PROSPERITY
These goals ensure Prosperity 
through infrastructure 
investments and strengthened 
economic competitiveness.
Transportation Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports compliance with the County Department of Transportation’s 
currently adopted Transportation System Plan and its successor plans.
1.2
Maricopa County supports adherence to its Transportation Improvement Program and its 
successor programs.
1.3
Maricopa County supports using the preferred funding methods identified in the Cost of 
Development element to pay for transportation improvements necessary for new development.
1.4
Maricopa County supports new development funding unanticipated, accelerated and 
nonprogrammed improvements where such development requires deviation from the 
Transportation Improvement Program. 
Transportation Goal 1: Provide a comprehensive transportation 
system.
Goal Statement: Developing an integrated transportation network that meets the needs of all 
users is vital to ensure that the system is accessible, efficient, and well-connected.
Goals & Policies
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Transportation Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports coordinating decisions on land use patterns and transportation 
investments that aim for a safe, efficient, and fiscally solvent transportation network. 
2.2
Maricopa County supports designing new roadways to include pedestrian facilities separated 
from vehicular traffic with multimodal crossings on arterial roadways as necessary.
2.3
Maricopa County supports the inclusion or connection to alternative transportation in 
the design of existing and new urban development, as feasible and effective. Alternative 
transportation can include, but is not limited to, sidewalks, the Maricopa Trail and other trail 
connections, bicycle facility infrastructure, park-and-ride/public transit facilities, and other 
appropriate practices.
2.4
Maricopa County supports using Intelligent Transportation Systems and Connected Vehicle 
technology for efficient and safe movement of people and goods.
1.5
Maricopa County supports the preservation of rights-of-way, as necessary, to maintain and 
extend the grid system, to support the state’s development of the highway-interchange 
network, and to preserve the scenic corridors. 
1.6
Maricopa County supports roadway planning that promotes identified scenic corridors and 
wildlife habitat linkages and connectivity where necessary.
1.7
Maricopa County supports public education efforts that assist in reducing air pollution.
Transportation Goal 2: Manage the transportation system to provide 
continual improvements in reliability, efficiency, and safety.
Goal Statement: Continuously improving the reliability, efficiency, and safety of the transportation 
system through active management is crucial to meet the community’s evolving needs.
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Transportation Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports partnerships with municipalities in cost sharing and mutual 
financial support for road repairs and improvements. 
3.2
Maricopa County supports municipal annexation of roads that are adjacent to County Islands. 
3.3
Maricopa County supports intergovernmental agreements that allow for municipal or 
private construction of roads in and passing through County Islands to the standards of the 
surrounding municipality where these roads are intended to be annexed by the municipality.
3.4
Maricopa County supports partnerships with federal, state, and local governments and 
agencies for interjurisdictional traffic operations and management for the benefit of regional 
safety and mobility.
3.5
Maricopa County supports coordination between property owners to establish an agreement 
to maintain private ingress/egress.
Transportation Goal 3: Support regional and interagency 
collaboration.
Goal Statement: Fostering collaboration among the transportation agencies in the region is critical 
to create and maintain a more effective, integrated, and functionally competitive transportation 
system.
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7
Environment

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Protecting and managing critical resources like air, water, 
energy, and dark skies is essential for a healthy future.
Introduction
The Environment Element identifies 
Maricopa County’s natural resources 
and highlights the importance of 
their retention, enhancement, and 
responsible development to improve 
quality of life and environmental health. 
Protecting and managing all of the 
critical resources and conditions that 
exist across the County such as our air, 
water, wildlife, and other aspects of the 
natural landscape are essential for a 
healthy future. Likewise, preserving 
remaining areas of undisturbed plant 
and wildlife habitats is critical. Without 
careful planning, new development 
can lead to depletion of limited water 
and energy supplies, increased air and 
water pollution, and harm to biological 
resources.
This 
chapter 
establishes 
a 
comprehensive 
framework 
for 
safeguarding the unique natural 
assets and ecological systems that 
define Maricopa County’s desert 
environment. Defined goals promote 
responsible growth, while addressing 
challenges such as heat exposure, 
wildfire risk, air and groundwater 
quality, and habitat fragmentation. 
Additional planning policies further help 
to prioritize conservation, efficiency, 
and environmental protection in order 
to mitigate these risks. The following 
sections summarize these key natural 
resources that must be considered 
as the county experiences continued 
growth and development.
The Environment element identifies Maricopa County’s 
foremost concerns with respect to environmental issues, and 
potential strategies for lessening the impact that development 
has on its environment. Particular attention focuses on air 
quality, water quality, wildlife protection, natural and cultural 
resources, and natural and environmental hazards.
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Maricopa County carries a critical obligation to safeguard its environmental and natural resources while ensuring their use 
and enjoyment remain viable for future generations. This balance supports economic vitality, public health, and quality of 
life across both incorporated and unincorporated areas. Shaped by the Sonoran Desert’s distinctive landscapes, rugged 
mountains, and riparian corridors, the County’s natural environment provides critical ecological functions, habitat for diverse 
species, and cultural and recreational value. Yet these resources face growing pressures from urbanization, weather-related 
phenomena, and invasive species, underscoring the need for proactive management and thoughtful planning.
Planning Considerations
Air Quality
Air quality in Maricopa County has 
improved significantly over the past 
two decades, largely due to the 
efforts of the Maricopa County Air 
Quality Department (MCAQD). The 
department monitors pollution levels 
and enforces regulations to reduce 
emissions from vehicles, industry, and 
construction dust. Despite progress, 
challenges remain with high ozone 
levels, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) 
from smoke and exhaust, and coarse 
particulate matter (PM10) from dust and 
soot, pollutants that pose health risks 
to sensitive groups and the general 
population. Figure 13 illustrates the 
annual exceedance days for these 
pollutants as the County’s population 
has grown. MCAQD also promotes 
cleaner air through community 
education and outreach. Continued 
efforts are essential to maintain and 
further improve air quality in the region.
Noise Quality
Maintaining healthy noise levels contributes to the quality of life in Maricopa 
County. Noise pollution is a significant concern, particularly in urban areas and near 
major transportation facilities. The County implemented a comprehensive Noise 
Ordinance to address excessive, unnecessary, and disruptive noise, recognizing 
its detrimental effects on residents’ health and welfare. This ordinance aims to 
balance the needs of commerce and property enjoyment with environmental 
quality and public peace of mind. Enforcement is primarily handled by the Maricopa 
County Sheriff’s Office which intends to keep noise levels within acceptable limits 
to promote a high quality of life. Additionally, specific regulations are in place to 
control noise from construction activities and military airports, further mitigating 
the impact of noise pollution.
Water Quality
The Maricopa County Environmental Services Department (MCESD) plays a key 
role in protecting water quality and safety in unincorporated areas. The department 
monitors water resources, enforces regulations, and promotes conservation 
through public education and community engagement. By integrating the 
management of surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed water, Maricopa 
County works in coordination with the State of Arizona to support the state 
government’s goal of creating a resilient water supply system capable of meeting 
the needs of a growing population and diverse economy.
Figure 13.   Ozone, PM2.5, and PM10 Exceedance Days in 
Maricopa County per Year
Source: Maricopa County Air Quality Department, 2024
 Chapter 7 •  ENVIRONMENT
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The Maricopa County 
Flood Control District 
plays a crucial role in 
safeguarding residents 
from the dangers of 
flooding.
	
„ Buckeye
	
„ Carefree
	
„ Cave Creek
	
„ Chandler
	
„ El Mirage
	
„ Gila Bend
	
„ Guadalupe
	
„ Litchfield Park
	
„ Mesa
	
„ Queen Creek
	
„ Surprise
	
„ Tolleson
	
„ Wickenburg
	
„ Youngtown
Map 18 shows the areas of the County where the Maricopa County Flood Control 
District has the responsibility for floodplain management, along with regulatory 
floodways as well as the areas of a 1% annual chance of a flood hazard (or the 
100-year floodplain) within the County limits.
The District employs a team of engineers, hydrologists, and other professionals 
who design, construct, and maintain an extensive network of dams, basins, and 
channels. These structures are essential in controlling floodwaters and protecting 
both urban and rural areas from potential damage.
In addition to physical infrastructure, the FCD places a strong emphasis on 
community education and preparedness. They provide valuable resources such 
as floodplain maps, technical studies, and permitting information to help residents 
and businesses understand their flood risks and take appropriate measures. 
The district also engages in public outreach efforts, offering workshops and 
informational sessions to ensure that the community is well-informed about 
flood safety and prevention strategies. By fostering a culture of awareness and 
preparedness, the FCD aims to minimize the impact of flooding on people’s lives 
and properties.
Furthermore, the Maricopa County Flood Control District is committed to high-
caliber and innovative water management practices. Recognizing stormwater as 
a valuable resource, the District works on projects that not only mitigate flood 
risks but also enhance water conservation and environmental stewardship. These 
initiatives include the development of infrastructure, such as rain gardens and 
permeable pavements, which help to recharge groundwater and reduce runoff. 
With this approach to flood control, the FCD contributes to the long-term resilience 
and well-being of the Maricopa County community.
Flood Control
The Maricopa County Flood Control District (FCD) plays a crucial role in 
safeguarding the residents of Maricopa County from the dangers of flooding. 
Established to address the unique challenges posed by the region’s desert climate, 
the FCD is responsible for managing and mitigating flood risks that arise during 
the summer monsoon season and winter rainstorms. It is also responsible for 
floodplain management and regulation in unincorporated Maricopa County, as 
well as in the following incorporated communities:
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The Maricopa County Flood Control District plays a crucial 
role in safeguarding residents from the dangers of flooding 
through floodplain management and regulation.
Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2024
Map 18.   Floodplain Management in Maricopa County
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H1
Wildlife Connectivity Corridors
The 2012 Maricopa County Wildlife Connectivity Assessment, conducted by the Arizona Game and Fish Department 
(AZGFD), identified wildlife habitat blocks and movement areas and key missing linkage zones that could overcome 
barriers to wildlife movement. This assessment helps guide conservation efforts and land use planning to encourage 
that development projects give consideration to wildlife connectivity corridors where appropriate, thereby working to 
reduce habitat fragmentation and promoting ecological health. 
Wildlife connectivity corridors in Maricopa County are essential for maintaining the movement, population and genetic 
diversity of wildlife across the region. The corridors are categorized as either diffuse, landscape, or riparian movement 
areas. Diffuse movement areas generalize wildlife movements within habitats, landscape movement areas generalize 
wildlife movements between habitats, and riparian movement areas generalize wildlife movement through ecosystems 
associated with bodies of water or perennial or ephemeral surface or subsurface water. These corridors, shown in 
Map 19, link fragmented habitats, allowing animals to travel between different areas for food, water, and breeding. 
These corridors are crucial for species such as mule deer, mountain lions, and various smaller mammals and reptiles. 
By identifying these linkages, Maricopa County supports biodiversity and helps mitigate the impacts of urbanization 
on wildlife. Efforts to maintain and enhance these corridors to coexist with new development include constructing 
wildlife overpasses and underpasses, implementing wildlife-friendly fencing, and engaging in habitat restoration 
projects. These initiatives not only benefit wildlife, but they also enhance the quality of life for residents by preserving 
the natural heritage and beauty of the region.
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Wildlife connectivity corridors in Maricopa County are 
important for maintaining the movement, population, and 
genetic diversity of wildlife across the region.
Source: Arizona Game & Fish Department, 2026
Map 19.   Wildlife Connectivity in Maricopa County
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H1
Hillside  Development
Maricopa County defines any development that occurs on land with a slope, or 
grade, of 15% or greater to be hillside development. The grade percentage is 
determined as the rise in height measured in feet over a horizontal distance of 100 
feet. So, a 15% slope would be land that rises 15 feet over a 100-foot horizontal 
distance. Rugged areas with such slopes do exist within the County’s jurisdiction, 
particularly in the northern unincorporated areas. These areas do attract certain 
types of development, mainly custom homes that offer low densities, rural 
character, unobstructed and expansive views and privacy.
However if not designed carefully, hillside development can damage and cause 
dangerous conditions to occur that affect the very features these individuals seek. 
Some of the potential problems and hazards can include:
	
„ Destruction of scenic quality;
	
„ Increased stormwater runoff and flooding;
	
„ Loss of plant and animal habitat;
	
„ Erosion;
	
„ Soil/slope failure;
	
„ Wildfire hazards;
	
„ Lack of safe access for people and emergency vehicles; and
	
„ High utility and infrastructure/maintenance costs
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Hillside stability has increasingly 
likelihood of degrading as slope 
increases 
above 
15%, 
making 
development financially unfeasible 
due to difficult and costly engineering 
requirements. Maricopa County 
recognizes the right to develop 
private hillside property, but it also 
acknowledges its responsibility to 
protect the health and safety of other 
residents that may be affected by such 
development. To help minimize potential 
dangers Maricopa County discourages 
development on hillside grades above 
15% and favors the following general 
design characteristics:
	
„ Clustering development in areas 
below 15%;
	
„ Retaining trees and native vegetation 
for slope and soil stabilization;
	
„ Minimizing 
scarring 
from 
infrastructure cut and fills;
	
„ Minimizing building footprints;
	
„ Minimizing hillside disturbance and 
allow for appropriate landscaping 
and natural stormwater runoff; and
	
„ Using appropriate materials, shapes, 
and colors that allow buildings to 
blend into the environment.
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H1
Urban Heat
Urban heat is a pressing issue throughout all of Maricopa County, particularly in 
developed urban areas, where the urban heat island effect exacerbates already 
high temperatures and persists through the night reducing the time for an effective 
cooling period. This phenomenon occurs because urban areas have more surfaces 
like roadway pavement, concrete, and buildings that absorb and retain heat, leading 
to higher temperatures compared to surrounding, less developed rural areas, which 
are more prevalent in the unincorporated areas. There has been a significant rise 
in heat-related medical concerns correlated with the growth of the areas of the 
County affected by urban heat. Efforts to mitigate urban heat include planting 
more trees for shade, testing reflective pavement coatings, and providing cooling 
centers and water distribution during extreme heat events. These measures aim 
to reduce the impact of heat on residents as part of the goal of high standards 
for public health and safety.
Dark Sky
More population and development often leads to increased nighttime lighting, 
which is a result of misdirecting, a lack of shielding, or excessive use. This light 
pollution in the aggregate across an urban area causes obstructing glares and 
glows that interfere with astronomical observations and stargazing. 
The County recognizes the importance of protecting the night sky and has 
incorporated a Dark Sky Ordinance in the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance. This 
ordinance includes provisions to control the use of outdoor, artificial illuminating 
light fixtures during the hours of the night. This ordinance encourages good 
light practices that conserve energy and money, while also increasing safety, 
security and productivity. While the ordinance is an important part of nighttime 
sky protection, mitigating light pollution is regional issue that requires working 
partnerships with the other jurisdictions in the County.
Cultural/Archaeological Sites
Maricopa County is home to numerous archaeological sites linked to the Hohokam 
and other early inhabitants. The Arizona State Historic Preservation Office and 
the Arizona State Museum maintain inventories of significant cultural resources 
across the state. Additionally, agencies such as the Arizona State Land Department, 
U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Defense Department, Bureau of Land Management, and 
various Native American communities manage inventories for the areas they 
oversee. The presence and importance of these archaeological sites can influence 
the timing, location, and feasibility of development projects.
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Wildfires
Maricopa County faces increasing 
wildfire risks due to prolonged drought, 
invasive vegetation, and rapid urban 
expansion into wildland areas. The 
“wildland-urban interface” (WUI)—where 
homes meet desert landscapes—has 
grown by over 50% since 1990, creating 
more ignition points and complicating 
fire suppression efforts along these 
edge environments. Areas in northern 
Maricopa County such as the Tonto 
National Forest edge and areas with 
dense vegetation such as the Gila River 
corridor are particularly vulnerable. Red 
Flag warnings (which signal that critical 
fire weather conditions are occurring or 
expected soon) have become common. 
Maricopa County addresses wildfire 
risks through a comprehensive, multi-
layered strategy that emphasizes 
prevention, 
preparedness, 
and 
collaboration. The Community Wildfire 
Protection Plan (CWPP) serves as the 
cornerstone, focusing on fuel reduction, 
fire prevention, and community 
engagement, with progress reviewed 
regularly. The Emergency Operations 
Plan (EOP) provides a coordinated 
framework for wildfire response, 
utilizing the Incident Command System 
(ICS) to ensure efficient interagency 
operations. Complementing these 
efforts, the Hazard Mitigation Plan 
identifies high-risk areas and prioritizes 
projects that reduce wildfire impacts 
and recovery costs. Public education is 
central to the County’s approach, with 
the Ready, Set, Go! program guiding 
residents through preparedness and 
evacuation protocols, especially during 
Red Flag conditions. Additionally, 
Maricopa County collaborates with 
state and federal agencies to secure 
grants for fuel reduction, firebreak 
construction, and CWPP updates, 
reinforcing regional resilience against 
wildfire threats.
 Chapter 7 •  ENVIRONMENT
141

Air Quality & Public Health
Improving air quality is a central goal of the Environment Element in the 
Comprehensive Plan, especially as population growth and transportation 
emissions contribute to elevated ozone and particulate matter levels. Dust 
from construction and unpaved surfaces further exacerbate these conditions, 
making compliance with the County’s dust abatement programs and promotion 
of clean air technologies essential. Future planning should pair these efforts 
with balanced, efficient land use patterns and expanded opportunities for non-
motorized transportation to support regional air quality improvement. At the same 
time, strategies must address water quality, adaptation, and hazard preparedness.
Habitat Connectivity, Biodiversity 
& Invasive Species Management
Urban expansion fragments wildlife corridors, limiting species movement and 
reducing genetic diversity, while invasive plants such as stinknet, Sahara mustard, 
buffelgrass, and tamarisk further threaten ecological health by displacing native 
vegetation and increasing wildfire risk. Future development should prioritize 
habitat connectivity through green infrastructure, conservation easements, and 
strategic open space planning to maintain biodiversity and support pollinators, 
which are vital for ecosystem stability. At the same time, long-term invasive 
species management, including early detection, rapid response, and restoration 
with native plants, must be paired with public education and volunteer engagement 
to amplify these efforts and reduce reinfestation. 
Dust from construction and unpaved surfaces further 
exacerbates elevated ozone and particulate matter levels, 
making compliance with the County’s dust abatement 
program and promotion of clean air technologies essential.
Strategies
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Building a culture of environmental 
stewardship 
requires 
active 
participation and strong partnerships. 
Public education programs should 
emphasize the importance of air and 
water quality, habitat protection, and 
adaptation, empowering residents to 
make informed choices that support 
regional goals. Volunteer initiatives, 
such as invasive species removal and 
habitat restoration projects, provide 
hands-on opportunities for community 
involvement and foster a sense of 
shared responsibility.
Collaboration among local, state, 
and federal agencies is essential for 
addressing complex environmental 
challenges that cross jurisdictional 
boundaries. Coordinated efforts 
can advance compliance with air 
quality standards, implement dark 
sky protections, and strengthen 
hazard mitigation planning. These 
partnerships also support integrated 
resource management, ensuring that 
strategies for water conservation, 
wildlife connectivity, and cultural 
resource preservation are aligned 
across the region.
Finally, recreation infrastructure and 
cultural resource stewardship must 
remain priorities to balance public 
access with environmental protection. 
Thoughtful design of trails, facilities, 
and interpretive programs can 
minimize ecological impacts while 
enhancing visitor experiences. By 
combining education, engagement, 
and collaboration, Maricopa County 
can lead a unified approach to 
environmental quality that benefits 
both people and nature.
Community Engagement & Regional Collaboration
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OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance Opportunity 
by ensuring that growth occurs 
in a way that preserves natural 
assets and enhnaces livability.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals strongly embody 
Stewardship by focusing on 
responsible management and 
ecological protection.
PROSPERITY
These goals collectively 
support Prosperity and ensure 
a high quality of life, supporting 
economic growth while 
maintaining ecological balance.
Environment Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports providing education, regulatory guidance, permitting, inspection, 
and enforcement services through the County Air Quality Department’s Strategic Plan and 
its Compliance Assurance model to assist in achieving compliance with federal air quality 
standards. 
1.2
Maricopa County supports the achievement and maintenance of federal air quality standards, 
including National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Environment Goal 1: Enhance the regional environmental quality 
for the overall well-being of the community.
Goal Statement: Improving the overall environmental quality through improvements in air quality 
and water quality and through the protection of natural resources is a benefit to the overall health 
of the region.
Goals & Policies
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Environment Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports planning future development while considering the prohibition 
of development within floodways and, where necessary, 100-year floodplains as delineated 
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 
2.2
Maricopa County supports the Military Compatible land use designation for High Noise or 
Accident Potential Zones, and compliance with state laws relating to land use compatibility 
and consistency with the high noise or accident potential of Luke Air Force Base and the 
ancillary military facilities.
2.3
Maricopa County supports the Military Compatible land use designations within the influence 
area of a military installation or range or Arizona national guard site, and compliance with state 
laws relating to land use compatibility and consistency with the operation of the installation, 
range, or site and its influence area.
2.4
Maricopa County supports flexible zoning techniques when used to keep new development 
below the 15% hillside slope and to protect riparian areas.
2.5
Maricopa County supports using the hillside general design characteristics identified in this 
element.
1.3
Maricopa County supports incentive programs that promote implementing clean air 
technologies and addressing air quality issues throughout Maricopa County where feasible 
and effective.
1.4
Maricopa County supports compliance with its Drinking Water program and its Water and 
Wastewater Treatment program to protect water quality. 
1.5
Maricopa County supports a comprehensive program to control dust (PM10) particularly from 
unpaved roads, alleys, and parking lots.
1.6
Maricopa County supports noise reductions in new development design and in the construction 
of new buildings where necessary or otherwise where feasible.
1.7
Maricopa County supports enforcement of its Dark Sky Ordinance and supports regional 
efforts to limit excessive nighttime light.
Environment Goal 2: Support the protection of sensitive lands and 
environments.
Goal Statement: The County aims to safeguard environmentally sensitive areas from the impacts 
of development in order to preserve natural habitats and rural landscapes while accommodating 
growth in the future.
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Environment Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports reducing the impacts of new development and urbanization on 
environmentally sensitive areas, including the habitats and migration corridors of native 
wildlife (both flora and fauna).
3.2
Maricopa County supports innovative project design and development techniques that protect 
important plant and animal habitats, desert washes, and migration corridors.
3.3
Maricopa County supports completing resource and biological surveys and establishing 
needed mitigation measures prior to new development as directed by the Arizona Game and 
Fish Department and the State Historic Preservation Office.
Environment Policies:
4.1
Maricopa County supports compliance with watercourse master studies and plans and area 
drainage master studies and plans.
4.2
Maricopa County supports fire and wildfire prevention and mitigation measures in the design 
of development and in recreational lands and open space where necessary and appropriate.
4.3
Maricopa County supports public education about the risks and limitations of developing in 
hazard-prone areas.
Environment Goal 3: Protect the natural biodiversity of the region.
Goal Statement: Protecting and promoting the region’s natural biodiversity is critical to conserving 
diverse species and habitats within the County to preserve an ecological balance.
Environment Goal 4: Strengthen the County’s preparedness for 
hazards.
Goal Statement: Strengthening the County’s ability to respond to hazards through effective 
planning and preparedness reduces regional risk and builds resilience to foreseen and unforeseen 
environmental threats.
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146

Environment Policies:
5.1
Maricopa County supports participating with local, state, and federal agencies on developing 
solutions for State Implementation Plans that have not been addressed.
5.2
Maricopa County supports continuing to build relationships and collaborations between the 
Arizona Game and Fish Department, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, and 
other partners in the effort to preserve ecosystems.
5.3
Maricopa County supports its Department of Emergency Management continuing to work 
closely with local, state, federal partners, and community organizations.
5.4
Maricopa County supports implementing the Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 
to ensure a comprehensive and effective emergency management strategy for the region.
Environment Goal 5: Provide regional leadership to promote all 
aspects of regional environmental quality.
Goal Statement: Leading efforts to promote environmental quality across the region is a key 
objective to steering beneficial environmental stewardship.
 Chapter 7 •  ENVIRONMENT
147

8
Economic 
Growth

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Between 2010 and 2020, 
Maricopa County accounted 
for over half of Arizona’s 
total population growth
Introduction
Maricopa County stands as one 
of the most dynamic economic 
regions in the United States. With 
a population exceeding 4.5 million 
and growing rapidly, the County has 
become a magnet for both domestic 
migration and business investment. 
Between 2010 and 2020, Maricopa 
County accounted for over half of 
Arizona’s total population growth, and 
projections suggest it could reach 
6.5 million residents by 2060. This 
demographic expansion is reshaping 
the county’s labor market, housing 
demand, and infrastructure needs.
The County’s economic base is 
primarily service-oriented, yet it boasts 
robust goods-producing sectors that 
drive innovation and competitiveness. 
Key industries include healthcare and 
biosciences, finance and insurance, 
and 
advanced 
manufacturing, 
which 
encompasses 
aerospace, 
semiconductors, and electric vehicle 
components. Information technology 
is rapidly expanding, fueled by software 
development, cybersecurity, and data 
center growth, while transportation 
and logistics benefit from Maricopa’s 
extensive 
infrastructure 
and 
rail-
served industrial areas. Construction 
and real estate remain strong due 
to population growth and housing 
demand, and tourism continues to 
thrive with world-class resorts, sports 
venues, and cultural attractions. These 
sectors collectively position Maricopa 
County as a dynamic and resilient 
economy with competitive advantages 
in 
workforce 
talent, 
innovation 
ecosystems, and a favorable business 
climate.
Unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County 
presents unique opportunities and 
challenges. 
These 
areas 
of 
the 
County are experiencing increased 
development pressure as municipal; 
and urban centers expand outward. 
While unincorporated land typically 
offers flexible zoning and lower 
land costs, they often lack critical 
infrastructure such as sewer systems, 
improved roads, and comprehensive 
broadband 
connectivity. 
Strategic 
planning 
is 
essential 
to 
ensure 
that growth across unincorporated 
Maricopa County is balanced with 
infrastructure 
development 
and 
aligned with broader county goals.
The 
purpose 
of 
this 
Economic 
Growth Element is to establish a 
comprehensive framework that guides 
policies and investments to sustain 
long-term prosperity.
The Economic Growth element includes strategies that 
Maricopa County can use to help create a diverse and resilient 
economy. Opportunities focus on locating employment 
proximate to where people live, supporting small and start-
up businesses, and supporting industries that require a lot of 
land but not urban services or infrastructure.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
150

Partnerships and Programs
The County supports economic development through its various departments 
and in conjunction with its community partners. In 2025, Maricopa County 
established the Office of Economic Development and a new Economic 
Development Coordinator role to develop partnerships with business; economic 
development, workforce development, community-based, industry trade, and 
labor organizations; boards and commissions; and other jurisdictions to support 
and grow the regional economy. A select review of some of these partnerships 
and programs include:
	
„ The Maricopa County Industrial Development Authority (MCIDA) is a 
nonprofit conduit issuer established under Arizona law to provide lower-cost 
financing for qualified projects through the issuance of revenue bonds. These 
bonds are exempt from Arizona income tax and, when compliant with the 
Internal Revenue Code, may also be exempt from federal income tax. 
Governed by a nine-member volunteer Board of Directors appointed by the 
Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, IDAMC operates with oversight and 
final approval from the Board of Supervisors. The Board meets regularly to 
ensure responsible stewardship of resources and compliance with statutory 
requirements. For more than 45 years, IDAMC has played a vital role in promoting 
economic growth, increasing affordable housing, creating jobs, and enhancing 
the overall economic vitality of Maricopa County.
	
„ Greater Phoenix Economic Council (GPEC) is a nonprofit partnership founded 
in 1989 to attract and grow quality businesses and enhance the region’s 
competitiveness. GPEC collaborates with 22 member communities, Maricopa 
County, and over 170 private investors to drive economic diversity and smart 
growth. Over its history, GPEC has helped more than 1,075 companies expand 
or relocate, creating nearly 195,000 jobs and generating over $76.5 billion in 
capital investment for the Greater Phoenix region.
Key Findings
	
„ Employment projections indicate 
a faster rate of employment 
growth within the unincorporated 
county at nearly 95 percent 
compared to Maricopa County at 
nearly 65 percent.
	
„ The largest employment gains 
through 2032 are anticipated 
to be in health care and social 
assistance, construction, arts, 
entertainment 
and 
recreation 
and professional, scientific and 
technical services. 
	
„ The top two industry sectors 
employing the most people within 
unincorporated Maricopa County 
and the County as a whole are 
retail trade and healthcare/ social 
assistance.
Planning Considerations
As the fourth most populous county in the United States, Maricopa County plays 
a critical role in shaping Arizona’s economic future. Its strategic location, robust 
transportation infrastructure, strong tourism, recreation, and sports options 
and proximity to other major markets position Maricopa County as a hub for 
commerce, technology, and global trade. The following analysis highlights 
specific considerations that inform the development of supporting economic 
strategies. 
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
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Maricopa County is a core member 
of 
GPEC’s 
regional 
partnership 
model. The County works with GPEC 
to coordinate business attraction 
and expansion efforts across the 
region; provide resources for projects 
requiring county-level support; and 
collaborate on strategic initiatives that 
strengthen competitiveness, such as 
workforce development, infrastructure 
planning, and industry cluster growth.
	
„ The Greater Maricopa Foreign 
Trade Zone (GMFTZ No. 277) 
was established in 2010 to serve 
Western Maricopa County and 
promote international trade and 
economic development. As part 
of the U.S. Foreign Trade Zone 
program, GMFTZ allows businesses 
to import goods duty-free, defer 
customs duties, and benefit from 
property tax reductions through 
reclassification to a Class 6 property 
instead of standard property tax 
assessments. 
These 
incentives 
help reduce operating costs and 
attract global manufacturers and 
distributors to the region.
Maricopa County plays a key role 
in supporting the Greater Maricopa 
Foreign Trade Zone by providing 
planning and zoning authority for 
unincorporated areas within the zone’s 
service area. The County collaborates 
with GMFTZ and local economic 
development offices to secure letters 
of concurrence from taxing entities and 
facilitate applications. Additionally, 
Maricopa 
County 
promotes 
FTZ 
designation as part of its broader 
economic development strategy to 
attract investment and create jobs in 
the West Valley.
	
„ The 
Workforce 
Development 
Division (WDD) is facilitated by the 
Maricopa County Human Services 
Department and is responsible for 
providing comprehensive workforce 
services for adult and youth job 
seekers and employers across 
the County. Services are available 
through two comprehensive career 
centers, partner sites in cities and 
towns across the Valley as well 
as all Maricopa County Library 
District locations. WDD helps the 
community by providing a wide 
range of activities designed to 
assist career seekers, many with 
significant barriers to employment, 
in obtaining the knowledge and 
skills necessary for self-supporting 
employment.
	
„ The 
Community 
Development 
Block 
Grant 
Program 
(CDBG) 
uses 
federal 
HUD 
funds 
to 
revitalize neighborhoods, expand 
affordable 
housing, 
improve 
community facilities, and create 
economic opportunities for low- 
and moderate-income residents. 
Funds are distributed annually 
through a competitive process 
to 
participating 
Urban 
County 
communities 
and 
nonprofit 
agencies. 
Projects 
include 
infrastructure 
improvements, 
public safety enhancements, and 
community services that directly 
benefit 
residents 
in 
smaller 
municipalities and unincorporated 
areas of the County.
	
„ The HOME Investment Partnership 
Program (HOME) provides HUD 
funding to increase the supply of 
safe, decent, and affordable housing 
for very low- and low-income 
families. 
Administered 
through 
the Maricopa HOME Consortium, 
funds support activities such as 
housing acquisition, construction, 
rehabilitation, and tenant-based 
rental assistance. The program 
strengthens 
public-private 
partnerships 
and 
leverages 
local and private resources to 
expand 
affordable 
rental 
and 
homeownership 
opportunities 
across the County.
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152

Educational Attainment
Over 65% of the population has attended college, which is lower in comparison 
to incorporated Maricopa County. Nearly 29% completed a Bachelor’s or Post-
Graduate Degree Program which is higher in comparison to incorporated 
Maricopa County, shown in Figure 14. 
When comparing educational attainment levels for individuals aged 25 years 
and older between 2010 and 2022, there are notable increases in higher 
education levels as shown in Table 8. The proportion of high school graduates 
rose from 21% to 26%, while those with some college education, but no degree 
increased from 20% to 27%. Additionally, the percentage of individuals holding 
an associate’s degree grew from 6% to 10%, and those with a bachelor’s degree 
increased from 12% to 18%. The most significant growth occurred in the category 
of graduate or professional degrees, which rose from 6% to 11%. Overall, the 
data indicates a significant upward trend in educational attainment over the 
12-year period. This trend is encouraging given that higher overall educational 
attainment greatly contributes to fostering economic development through 
attracting leading industry, which supports the growth of more advanced and 
diverse employment opportunities. Economic development resulting from rising 
educational levels not only expands economic activity for both professional and 
working-class industries, but it also opens pathways for residents into skilled 
trades, technical certifications, and personal career advancement. As a result, 
this type of widespread economic development and expanded economic activity 
strengthens the local labor market, reduces economic vulnerability among 
households from external factors, and strives to ensure that prosperity is shared 
across the broad spectrum of career options in Maricopa County.
Table 10.   Employment Projections by RAZ by MPA, 2020-2060 
Change %
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2020-2060
Total Maricopa 
County
2,139,150
2,677,370
3,028,141
3,272,994
3,526,978
64.9%
Incorporated Cities
2,084,500
2,599,456
2,940,219
3,175,608
3,417,164
63.9%
Indian Reservation 
25,856
41,576
46,888
49,288
56,739
107.8%
Unincorporated 
County
28,794
36,338
41,034
48,098
56,075
94.7%
Unincorporated as 
% of Total
1.4%
1.4%
1.4%
1.5%
1.6%
---
Source: Maricopa Association of Governments Socioeconomic Projections, 2023
Figure 14.   E d u c a t i o n a l 
Attainment
Employment Projections
Unlike population projections, MAG’s 
data for employment is based on 
Regional Analysis Zones (RAZ) across 
the Metropolitan Planning Area (MPA). 
Table 10 shows that by 2030 Maricopa 
County is projected to have three million 
jobs, with 1.4 percent in unincorporated 
Maricopa County. By the year 2060 
forecasted employment reaches 3.5 
million jobs, of which 1.6 percent are 
within unincorporated Maricopa County. 
Employment growth for Maricopa County 
and unincorporated county by decade is 
presented in Figure 15. The rate of job 
growth within unincorporated Maricopa 
County in the years 2030 and 2040 nearly 
matches the county as a whole. By 2050 
and beyond the forecasted job growth 
for unincorporated Maricopa County 
more than doubles Maricopa County 
as a whole. This long-term projection 
of increased employment growth in 
unincorporated Maricopa County is 
largely based on limited availability of 
developable land within incorporated 
areas. As incorporated communities 
annex additional lands in the future, it 
is anticipated this stark imbalance will 
reach more equilibrium as near term 
growth projections indicate.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American 
Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
153

Workforce 
Distribution by 
Industries
Table 11 shows a workforce of 2.4 
million people in Maricopa County 
overall. The sectors employing the 
greatest percentage of people include 
health care and social assistance with 
13.5 percent followed by retail trade 
with 9.7 percent. Other top employing 
sectors 
include 
accommodation 
and food services (8.5%) and admin/
support/waste management (8.0%). 
There is also a large percentage of 
people within the County who are self-
employed at 7.1 percent.
When analyzing industry employment 
data specifically for unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County, 
nearly 
a 
fifth 
(19%) of unincorporated Maricopa 
County’s workforce is employed in 
the 
Educational 
Services, 
Health 
Care and Social Assistance industry. 
This is followed by Retail Trade 
(12%) and Professional, Scientific, 
Management, and Administrative and 
Waste Management Services (12%). 
Construction; Finance and Insurance, 
Real Estate, Rental and Leasing; and 
Arts, 
Entertainment, 
Recreation, 
Accommodation, and Food Services 
round off the next three largest 
industries accounting for another 27% 
collectively of workforce industries 
(Figure 16).
Unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County 
has a greater percentage of people 
employed in retail trade, construction, 
transportation/warehousing, 
public 
administration, wholesale trade, and 
utilities and equal or less people 
in 
health 
care/social 
assistance, 
professional and educational services, 
accommodation/food services than 
Maricopa County overall.
Figure 16.   Workforce Industries
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Figure 15.   Employment Growth Rate per Decade, 2020 - 
2060
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154

Table 11.   Maricopa County Employment by Industry Sector, 2022
Total Employment
2,478,214
100.0%
Health Care and Social Assistance
332,999
13.4%
Retail Trade
239,326
9.7%
Accommodation and Food Services
209,524
8.5%
Admin/Support/Waste Management
199,424
8.0%
Self-Employed and Unpaid Family Workers, All 
Jobs
175,743
7.1%
Construction
166,491
6.7%
Educational Services
150,137
6.1%
Finance and Insurance
150,660
6.1%
Manufacturing
141,813
5.7%
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services
141,759
5.7%
Transportation and Warehousing
111,592
4.5%
Wholesale Trade
95,486
3.9%
Government
81,328
3.3%
Other Services (Except Government)
75,327
3.0%
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
47,768
1.9%
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
47,581
1.9%
Management of Companies and Enterprises
41,023
1.7%
Information
39,644
1.6%
Utilities
16,672
0.7%
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
11,507
0.5%
Mining
2,410
0.1%
Source: Arizona Office of Economic Opportunity, 2022
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
155

Table 12.   Maricopa County Industry Employment Projections by Sector, 2022-2032
2022
2032
% Change
Total Maricopa County 
Employment
2,478,214
2,880,320
16.2%
Accommodation and Food 
Services
209,524
241,271
15.2%
Admin/Support/Waste 
Management
199,424
214,194
7.4%
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 
and Hunting
11,507
10,191
-11.4%
Arts, Entertainment, and 
Recreation
47,768
58,377
22.2%
Construction
166,491
210,252
26.3%
Educational Services
150,137
156,840
4.5%
Finance and Insurance
150,660
162,311
7.7%
Government
81,328
86,735
6.6%
Health Care and Social 
Assistance
332,999
443,894
33.3%
Information
39,644
42,880
8.2%
Management of Companies 
and Enterprises
41,023
49,315
20.2%
Manufacturing
141,813
166,777
17.6%
Mining
2,410
2,714
12.6%
Other Services (Except 
Government)
75,327
85,317
13.3%
Professional, Scientific, and 
Technical Services
141,759
172,663
21.8%
Real Estate and Rental and 
Leasing
47,581
50,820
6.8%
Retail Trade
239,326
269,695
12.7%
Self-Employed and Unpaid 
Family Workers, All Jobs
175,743
195,678
11.3%
Transportation and 
Warehousing
111,592
133,360
19.5%
Utilities
16,672
17,033
2.2%
Wholesale Trade
95,486
110,003
15.2%
Source: Arizona Office of Economic Opportunity, 2022
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Industry Employment Projections
The Arizona Office of Economic Opportunity projects employment growth by 
the industry sector (Table 12). By the year 2032 Maricopa County is expected 
to see a 16.2% overall increase in employment. Strong employment growth is 
expected in health care and social services (33.3%), construction (26.3%), arts, 
entertainment and recreation (22.2%) and professional, scientific and technical 
services (21.8%) sectors.
Unemployment 
Rate
Unincorporated Maricopa County’s 
unemployment 
rate 
(4.9%) 
is 
comparable to incorporated Maricopa 
County (4.8%) and slightly higher than 
the State unemployment rate (4.3%) 
(Figure 17). 
Worker 
Commute Flows
Between 2010 and 2022, the number 
of people who live and work in 
Maricopa County grew by 467,142 
(36%), while those who work in 
Maricopa County but live elsewhere 
grew by 108,010 (55%) as exhibited 
in Figure 18. Conversely, the number 
of people living in Maricopa County 
and working elsewhere only increased 
by 24,371 (25%). Given that most 
workers across all income brackets 
work within the County, these factors 
support a strong local job market 
within Maricopa County. In addition, 
given workers are driving further 
distances to reach employment within 
Maricopa County, this demonstrates 
the County’s importance as a central 
economic driver, but also may be an 
indicator that workers are having to or 
are willing to drive further distances to 
access housing.
Figure 18.   Worker Commute Flow
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 
Figure 17.   Unemployment Rate
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, OnTheMap Application and LEHD Origin-Destination Emplyment 
Statistics 2019, Inflow Outflow Analysis
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
157

Strategies
Entering the 21st century, Maricopa County’s economy has been driven by rapid population 
growth, construction, and a diverse mix of industries including healthcare, finance, technology, 
and advanced manufacturing. For decades, Maricopa County has served as the economic hub of 
Arizona, accounting for the majority of the state’s GDP and employment. Despite this success, the 
County faces challenges such as workforce skill gaps and the need to ensure increased access 
to high-paying jobs. To address these issues, Maricopa County is taking a leadership role in 
promoting strategic economic development. The County’s long- and short-term objectives are to 
work collaboratively with cities, the private sector, and regional organizations to retain and expand 
existing businesses, encourage the growth of innovation-driven and value-added industries, 
attract new employers, improve workforce skills, and accelerate the creation of higher-paying jobs 
at a rate that outpaces population growth. These efforts aim to strengthen Maricopa County’s 
competitive position, elevate employment rates, and raise wage levels for residents across the 
region.
Population Growth Management: With Maricopa County accounting for the 
majority of Arizona’s population growth, managing this expansion is a top priority. 
Long-term planning efforts focus on ensuring adequate housing, healthcare, and 
educational infrastructure to meet the needs of a projected 6.5 million residents 
by 2060.
Industry Diversification: Maricopa County is actively working to broaden its 
economic base by fostering growth in sectors like leisure and hospitality, 
education and health services, and professional business services. By 
supporting small businesses and nonemployer enterprises (i.e. single employee 
businesses), the county aims to build a more resilient and inclusive economy 
that can adapt to changing market conditions.
Workforce Development & Training: Maricopa County has prioritized equipping 
its workforce with the skills needed for a rapidly evolving economy. Through 
programs like the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), the 
county partners with local employers and educational institutions to provide 
training in high-demand fields such as healthcare, information technology, and 
construction. These efforts aim to create clear career pathways and ensure 
residents are prepared for future job opportunities.
Real Estate & Construction Support: To meet rising housing demand, the county 
is streamlining development processes and encouraging new home construction. 
By updating zoning regulations and simplifying permitting, Maricopa County is 
assisting in the development of residential and non-residential projects that 
align with community needs. 
Fiscal Responsibility & Innovation: Maintaining a strong financial foundation 
is central to the county’s strategy. Maricopa County has a low debt burden 
and employs performance-based budgeting to ensure efficient use of public 
funds. This data-driven approach allows the county to invest strategically while 
maintaining transparency and accountability.
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158

Goals & Policies
Economic Growth Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports coordinated and balanced land use patterns that allow for both 
Basic and Non-basic sector businesses.
1.2
Maricopa County supports assessing its regulations and processes to enhance effectiveness, 
ensure quality service, increase efficiency, and establish a competitive advantage.
Economic Growth Goal 1: Foster a diverse and balanced economy 
to promote long-term economic stability and economic resiliency.
Goal Statement: Aiming for a diverse and resilient economy to ensure long-term stability and 
growth is integral to creating a balanced economic environment that can withstand various 
economic challenges locally and externally.
OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by creating 
pathways for residents and 
businesses to thrive.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals support 
Stewardship by emphasizing 
responsible and balanced 
economic development.
PROSPERITY
These goals strongly embody 
Prosperity by driving economic 
competitiveness and fiscal 
health.
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
159

Economic Growth Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports partnerships with a variety of entities and stakeholders to 
increase business success and address community needs.
2.2
Maricopa County supports efforts to recruit prospective businesses and industries to the 
County and efforts to retain existing businesses and industries. 
2.3
Maricopa County supports the continuation and expansion of vocational, technical, and 
emerging career workforce training in the region.
Economic Growth Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports implementing the Comprehensive Plan in a clear and consistent 
way to help businesses make long-term investment decisions. 
3.2
Maricopa County supports an economic environment that promotes entrepreneurial 
activities and business formation.
Economic Growth Goal 2: Support the growth of opportunity in the 
local and regional economies.
Goal Statement: Promoting initiatives that create economic opportunities for residents and 
businesses is crucial in elevating job creation, entrepreneurship, and economic mobility.
Economic Growth Goal 3: Cultivate a thriving business environment 
that incubates and retains innovative companies.
Goal Statement: Attracting, retaining, and supporting innovative companies and a skilled 
workforce drives a dynamic and competitive business climate.
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160

Economic Growth Policies:
4.1
Maricopa County supports programs that provide citizens with the education and training 
necessary to attain careers in emerging and high-demand fields. 
4.2
Maricopa County supports organizations and programs that attract a variety of Basic Sector 
industry clusters that have long-term, stable growth prospects.
4.3
Maricopa County supports the Maricopa County Industrial Development Authority, HOME 
Investment Partnerships Program, Community Development Block Grant program, and 
other economic opportunity incentive programs.
Economic Growth Goal 4: Contribute to partnerships that advance 
an effective and integrated regional economy.
Goal Statement: Strengthening the County’s role in the broader regional economy through 
effective collaboration and integration emphasizes the importance of partnerships for regional 
economic success.
 Chapter 8 •  ECONOMIC GROWTH
161

9
Growth Areas

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Introduction
ARS 11-804.(C)(2) requires that the Comprehensive Plan identify growth areas 
in Maricopa County. These are areas that are suitable for planned multimodal 
transportation and infrastructure expansion to support concentrations of urban 
land uses. The law also requires this Plan to include policies and strategies that: 
	
„ Make multimodal transportation more efficient;
	
„ Make infrastructure expansion more economical;
	
„ Provide for rational land development patterns;
	
„ Conserve significant natural resources and open spaces within identified 
growth areas, and coordinate and connect their locations to similar areas 
outside growth areas; and
	
„ Promote timely and financially sound infrastructure expansion 
Steady, well-managed growth is essential to the long-term prosperity and 
livability of Maricopa County. However, the pace, location, and form of that 
growth have far-reaching implications for the natural environment, transportation 
infrastructure, fiscal sustainability, and overall quality of life. This Growth Areas 
Element plays a critical role in guiding development to occur in a manner that is 
also efficient and orderly. 
By strategically identifying areas where growth is occurring or likely to occur, 
the County seeks to utilize its Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy 
to guide urban growth and development in these areas in the most suitable 
fashion. Other aims include reducing traffic congestion, mitigating air pollution, 
and ensuring that new growth aligns with infrastructure capacity and community 
needs. Planning for suitable growth and development in appropriate locations 
also helps preserve open space, protect natural resources, and enhance the 
effectiveness of public investments.
The Growth Areas element pinpoints areas suitable for 
urban growth in unincorporated Maricopa County because 
they have appropriate and efficient levels of urban services 
and infrastructure. The Growth Areas element also explains 
where and when urban growth should occur to help establish 
sensible and efficient land use patterns.
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164

Growth Constraints
Planning Considerations
Previous 
County 
Comprehensive 
Plans 
have 
identified 
several 
constraints that affect the location 
and extent of new urban growth in 
unincorporated areas of Maricopa 
County. The constraints fall into 
these categories:
	
„ Physical constraints: steep slopes, riparian areas, floodplains, land 
subsidence, Earth fissures, water availability and important plant and 
wildlife habitat.
	
„ Built constraints: the lack of infrastructure and services, and the location 
of noise sources like airports, automobile proving grounds, racetracks and 
highways.
	
„ Ownership considerations: public land managed by federal, state and local 
governments and land held in trust for Native American communities.
	
„ Attitudinal considerations: public sentiment leading the decision-making 
on development.
Soil
Although often overlooked, soil characteristics play 
a critical role in shaping land use and infrastructure 
development. Properties of soil such as permeability, 
compaction, shrink-swell potential, plasticity, salinity, 
erosion 
susceptibility, 
and 
corrosiveness 
can 
significantly influence the feasibility, cost, and long-term 
stability of construction projects. Understanding and 
mitigating these challenges are essential for feasible 
growth and development.
Topography
Maricopa County’s diverse terrain presents notable 
challenges to development. Elevation and slope 
variations range from less than 2% on the desert floor 
to over 20% in mountainous regions. Steep and rugged 
areas often require costly engineering solutions or 
are avoided altogether. This results in rugged and 
steep areas being either bypassed for less challenging 
locations or developed at very low densities and 
intensities. It should be noted that any development 
occurring on a natural slope of 15% or greater is subject 
to the Hillside Development Regulations found in the 
Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance in addition to 
standards of the applicable zoning district. 
Floodplains
Floodplains, particularly those designated within the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) 100-
year floodplain, pose significant risks to development. 
These areas have a 1% annual chance of experiencing 
certain flooding, though actual events may occur more 
frequently and with greater severity. Development within 
floodplains is often hindered by insurance requirements, 
engineering complexities, and regulatory constraints, 
making it both technically and financially challenging
Subsidence/Earth Fissures
Land subsidence in Maricopa County is a significant 
geological issue that is a side effect of extensive 
groundwater pumping withdrawal. An overly high amount 
of groundwater withdrawal can lead to the gradual 
sinking of the ground surface, known as subsidence, 
which has the potential to result in the formation of 
earth fissures. These fissures are pervasive cracks that 
can extend for miles and pose risks to infrastructure, 
property, and public safety. The Arizona Geological 
Survey has identified multiple areas in Maricopa County 
affected by subsidence, with some fissures reaching 
depths of up to 90 feet and hundreds of feet in length. 
The impacts of subsidence include damage to roads, 
canals, and buildings, as well as potentially reducing 
water quality through contamination of groundwater 
aquifers. Map 20 shows the extent of known land 
subsidence features in Maricopa County. Note that the 
existence of these features do not imply that fissures 
will happen in these areas but only indicate the gradual 
setting or sinking of the Earth’s surface.
Physical Constraints
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
165

Source: ADWR, 2026
Land subsidence in Maricopa County is a significant 
geological issue that is a side effect of extensive 
groundwater pumping withdrawal.
Map 20.   Extent Land Subsidence Features in Maricopa County
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
166

Water Quality/Availability
Water resources in Maricopa County 
are derived from both groundwater 
aquifers and surface water systems 
such as the CAP Canal and regional 
reservoirs. Availability is closely 
tied 
to 
precipitation 
patterns, 
particularly 
winter 
snowmelt 
in 
the higher elevations of Arizona, 
Utah, and Colorado. Variability in 
water quantity and quality across 
the County influences the scale, 
location, and viability of future 
development, necessitating careful 
resource management and planning.
Vegetation/Wildlife Habitat 
and Linkages
The Sonoran Desert ecosystem 
supports a rich diversity of plant 
and animal life, many of which are 
protected under federal and state 
legislation. These protections can 
limit 
or 
condition 
development 
activities, particularly in areas with 
sensitive habitats and key wildlife 
linkages. 
Preserving 
biodiversity 
and complying with environmental 
regulations are key considerations 
in the planning process.
Cultural/Archaeological 
Sites
Maricopa 
County 
is 
home 
to 
numerous 
archaeological 
sites 
linked to the Hohokam people and 
other early cultures. Inventories 
maintained by the Arizona State 
Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), 
Arizona State Museum, and various 
federal, tribal, and state agencies 
help identify and protect these 
cultural assets. Depending on their 
significance, such sites may restrict 
or delay development, requiring 
coordination 
with 
preservation 
authorities and adherence to legal 
safeguards.
Built Constraints
Infrastructure and Services
The availability of infrastructure and public services is one 
of the most critical factors influencing urban development 
in Maricopa County. These foundational elements 
such as water, wastewater, transportation, energy, and 
emergency services directly shape the type, timing, 
and location of new growth. Unlike rural development, 
which may function with limited infrastructure, urban 
development requires comprehensive systems to 
safeguard public health, meet community needs, and 
promote orderly and fiscally responsible growth.
This principle is central to the County’s Urban Solutions 
for Urban Development strategy. As such, any proposed 
amendments to the Comprehensive Plan or changes 
to zoning district boundaries must first confirm the 
presence and adequacy of the infrastructure and 
services outlined in the Land Use Element. Ensuring 
infrastructure readiness not only supports efficient 
development but also helps prioritize growth in areas 
where public investment can be maximized and long-
term community benefits achieved.
Noise-Generating Land Uses
Persistent, loud, or continuous noise can negatively 
affect public health, sleep quality, learning patterns, and 
property values. While noise can originate from many 
sources, several are particularly influential in shaping 
land use decisions and determining appropriate growth 
areas in Maricopa County.
	
„ Airports
Airports are significant sources of noise and potential 
safety hazards, making them key considerations in 
land use planning. Maricopa County is home to a 
variety of airport types, including major commercial 
hubs such as Sky Harbor International and Phoenix-
Mesa Gateway, general aviation airports serving 
private 
aircraft, 
and 
residential 
communities 
designed for light aircraft access. Although airports 
generate noise and safety concerns, they also 
provide substantial economic benefits. Therefore, 
ensuring compatible land use around airport facilities 
is essential when identifying suitable locations for 
future development.
	
„ Automobile Proving Grounds
Automobile proving grounds are specialized facilities 
where manufacturers test vehicles and components 
under controlled conditions. Several such facilities 
exist in Maricopa County, taking advantage of the 
region’s dry climate for performance testing. Noise 
generated by these operations, along with security 
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
167

concerns related to proprietary technologies, must be 
considered when evaluating the types and intensities 
of development appropriate for surrounding areas.
	
„ Major Roads and Highways
Roads and highways produce continuous noise but 
are indispensable to the region’s economic vitality 
and mobility. Their presence influences land use 
compatibility and plays a role in determining where 
growth can occur. Planning for development near 
major transportation corridors requires careful 
consideration of noise impacts and mitigation 
strategies to ensure livability and long-term efficiency.
	
„ Railroads
Railroads contribute to brief but intense noise events 
due to train speed, horn use, and track conditions. 
Despite these impacts, rail infrastructure is essential 
for the movement of goods and people. As with 
highways, land use compatibility near rail corridors is 
an important factor in identifying appropriate areas 
for growth and development.
Hazardous Areas
Hazardous conditions can also dictate the types 
and intensities of new development. Two of these 
hazards, floodplains and subsidence/Earth fissures, 
are discussed earlier in this chapter, but there are other 
potentially hazardous conditions that determine growth 
areas:
	
„ High Noise or Accident Potential Zones
State law identifies specific areas surrounding 
military installations as High Noise or Accident 
Potential Zones. These zones include land near 
Luke Air Force Base, Luke Auxiliary Airfield Number 
One in northwest Surprise, and the auxiliary airfield 
located south of Gila Bend. These designations 
includesboth the noise contours surrounding these 
facilities and the accident potential zones that extend 
from the ends of their runways. The purpose of these 
zones is to ensure that future development remains 
compatible with the operational impacts of military 
aircraft, which may pose risks to public health and 
safety.
Arizona has in place legislation to strengthen protections 
for Luke Air Force Base and its ancillary facilities. It 
requires local governments including Maricopa County, 
Surprise, Glendale, El Mirage, Goodyear, Youngtown, 
Buckeye, and Gila Bend to adopt land use plans and 
zoning regulations that address properties within 
these designated zones. These plans must ensure that 
development is compatible with the noise and accident 
potential associated with military operations. State law 
limits the types of land uses permitted in these areas to 
those deemed compatible by the state, although other 
uses may be allowed with mutual consent from Luke Air 
Force Base and Maricopa County.
In addition to these zones, state law also defines a 
broader area known as the Territory in the Vicinity of 
a Military Airport. This area extends outward from the 
center of the main runways at Luke Air Force Base and 
Luke Auxiliary Airfield Number One. Although land uses 
within this territory are not restricted, construction of 
occupied buildings must incorporate noise reduction 
measures. These requirements may influence the types 
and densities of future development.
	
„ Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station
The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station near 
Tonopah is the largest power producer in the United 
States. When the facility was constructed several 
decades ago, the surrounding area was sparsely 
populated. 
Although 
population 
levels 
remain 
relatively low, several master-planned communities 
are proposed within the ten-mile Plume Exposure 
Pathway Emergency Planning Zone. This zone is 
established to facilitate protective actions in the event 
of an unintended release of radioactive material. 
A secondary safety zone, known as the Ingestion 
Exposure 
Pathway 
Emergency 
Planning 
Zone, 
extends an additional fifty miles from the facility.
It is uncertain whether significant residential growth will 
occur in the Pathway zone before the facility is eventually 
decommissioned. If such growth does take place, 
protecting public health and safety becomes a critical 
priority in the unlikely event of a radioactive incident. 
Although the probability of such an event is low, the 
consequences of delayed evacuation could be severe. 
Therefore, careful planning and a reliable transportation 
network are essential. Additionally, the need to secure 
high-profile facilities such as nuclear power plants 
remains a priority for federal, state, and local authorities. 
Future homeland security considerations may influence 
or restrict the type, intensity, or location of development 
in this part of Maricopa County.
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168

Federal Land
The federal government is the largest land holder in 
Maricopa County, managing approximately 484,000 
acres of the Tonto National Forest, nearly 508,000 acres 
of Wilderness areas, and about 1.5 million acres of 
military and other miscellaneous property. Most federal 
land is not available for development although in certain 
instances land managed by the BLM can be acquired 
for development via land trades or outright sales. While 
some discussions on transferring federal land holding 
to private ownership have been prompted at the federal 
level for the purpose of alleviating housing shortages, 
opponents of such action warn that this would undermine 
conservation efforts and public access. Presently, since 
most federal land is not available for development it is 
not considered a growth area. 
The U.S. Department of Defense is the largest land 
holder primarily because of the Barry M. Goldwater 
Range located approximately 70 miles southwest of 
Phoenix. The Goldwater Range includes approximately 
2.7 million acres – approximately one-third of which is 
in Maricopa County – for air and ground training. Only a 
small portion of the Goldwater Range is actually used for 
training operations meaning the vast majority remains 
undisturbed desert. The entire range is off limits to 
private development, and therefore is not a growth area.
State Trust Land
The Arizona State Land Department (ASLD) oversees 
more than 600,000 acres of Trust land in Maricopa 
County on behalf of beneficiaries like public and 
specialized schools, colleges, hospitals and charitable 
institutions to ensure that when land is sold or leased it 
receives the highest value-added return possible. State 
law mandates that fair market value be obtained for all 
Trust land sales and commercial leases. All revenue 
derived from the sale of Trust lands are placed in a 
fund administered by the State Treasurer, and revenue 
derived from commercial leases are distributed directly 
to the beneficiaries. Whether Trust land is considered a 
growth area depends on several factors, including when 
such land is made available for auction or lease, the 
status of ASLD land management plans, and available 
infrastructure and services.
Native American Communities
There are approximately 200,000 acres of land controlled 
by various Native American communities within the 
boundary of Maricopa County. These include land 
held in trust for the Fort McDowell-Apache, Salt River 
Pima-Maricopa, Gila River and Tohono O’odham tribal 
communities. While development can occur in these 
areas each respective nation controls the location, type 
and intensity of growth within their borders. Therefore, 
for the purpose of this Plan these communities are not 
considered growth areas.
Maricopa County Regional Parks
Covering 
approximately 
120,000 
acres 
Maricopa 
County’s twelve parks and conservation areas comprise 
one of the largest regional park systems in the nation. 
Each park offers various levels of recreation for the 
more than 1.2 million residents and guests that visit the 
system annually. Except for recreational enhancements, 
development in the parks is prohibited meaning these 
are not growth areas.
Ownership Constraints
Attitudinal Constraints
Public attitudes toward development play a pivotal role 
in shaping the type, scale, and location of future growth 
across unincorporated Maricopa County as discussed in 
the earlier Public Engagement section. Preferences vary 
widely, with some residents favoring newer urban-context 
environments while others advocate for preserving rural 
desert character and open desert landscape spaces. 
These divergent views are especially pronounced in 
unincorporated areas, where land use decisions often 
spark strong community sentiment.
Understanding and responding to these perspectives 
is essential for crafting workable growth strategies. 
Whether supporting higher-density development or 
maintaining low-intensity rural landscapes, public 
opinion continues to influence planning outcomes and 
remains a key factor in determining how and where 
growth occurs.
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
169

Growth Pressures
Due to the availability of lower-priced rural or undeveloped land at the fringe 
of urban development in the Phoenix Area, unincorporated Maricopa County 
experiences significant growth pressures. As the population increases and 
demand for housing rises in the region, developers are increasingly drawn to 
these exurb areas due to lower land costs and fewer regulatory constraints often 
found in municipalities. The outward expansion and rate of development can 
strain existing infrastructure and services, creating challenges for coordinated 
planning and efficient service delivery.
Growth in the unincorporated exurban fringe can also strain regional 
systems such as transportation, water supply, and emergency services. As 
development pushes outward, the cost of extending roads, utilities, and public 
safety infrastructure increases, often outpacing the revenues generated by 
new growth. This dynamic underscores the importance of aligning fringe 
development with long-range planning goals, including the designation of 
appropriate growth areas, the integration of multimodal transportation options 
as feasible, and the preservation of critical natural and/or cultural assets.
Finally, growth in unincorporated fringe affects the existing residents who have 
already built up their homes and livelihoods in these portions of the County. 
Agricultural operations, open space preservation, and rural lifestyles frequently 
come into conflict with suburban development proposals. Residents in these 
unincorporated areas often express concerns about traffic congestion, loss of 
natural landscapes, and changes to community character. At the same time, 
local governments face pressure to accommodate growth while maintaining 
fiscal responsibility and protecting environmental resources. Balancing these 
interests requires thoughtful land use strategies that prioritize infrastructure 
readiness, environmental stewardship, and community engagement.
Effects on Area Plans
This analysis indicates that growth pressures in unincorporated areas of 
Maricopa County are increasingly concentrated along the western urban fringe, 
particularly near the Interstate 10 Corridor toward Tonopah. This finding aligns 
with the fact that the four existing Area Plans in this part of the County have 
not been updated in nearly two decades. There is a high likelihood of a need for 
timely reassessment of these four Area Plans to reflect current development 
dynamics and community issues.
This growth pressure analysis provides a valuable basis for prioritizing the 
update sequence of existing Area Plans. By identifying areas experiencing 
heightened development interest, the County can ensure that planning efforts 
are responsive, proactive, and strategically targeted. Additionally, the analysis 
serves as a tool for identifying new regions with suitable conditions that may 
warrant consideration of the creation of new Area Plans.
Utilizing a similar approach for the Area Plan Program could enhance the 
County’s ability to manage growth effectively, support timely development, 
and maintain alignment with long-range planning objectives. This approach 
also reinforces the importance of regularly evaluating and updating planning 
documents to ensure they remain relevant and actionable in the face of evolving 
growth patterns.
The 
Comprehensive 
Plan 
analyzed several factors that 
are common drivers of growth 
pressure found in unincorporated 
Maricopa County, including:
	
„ Proximit y to existing 
development;
	
„ Proximity to planned future 
employment centers;
	
„ Proximity to approved master 
planned communities; and
	
„ Zoning and/or future land 
use that allows for new 
development
This growth pressure analysis 
resulted in these factors driving a 
greater potential of development 
growth 
in 
unincorporated 
Maricopa County, particularly on 
the western urban fringe of the 
Phoenix metro area. Through 
this analysis, two notable hot 
spots of projected future growth 
are evident. The first projected 
future growth hot spot is in the 
Tonopah area within the extent 
of the Tonopah/Arlington Area 
Plan, and the second hot spot 
is near Wittmann close to the 
US-60/SR 74 intersection. Map 
21 captures the results of the 
projected future growth analysis 
for 
unincorporated 
Maricopa 
County. 
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170

Source: Maricopa County Office of Enterprise Technology, 2025; Michael Baker International 
Analysis, 2026
Unincorporated Maricopa County experiences significant 
growth pressures as developers are drawn to lower-priced 
rural land at the fringe of urban development.
Map 21.   Future 
Growth 
Hot 
Spot 
Growth 
Projection 
in 
Unincorporated Maricopa County
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
171

Strategies
The previous Comprehensive Plan introduced the term Urban Growth Area, 
identifying where urban growth is most suitable to occur. This area encompasses 
unincorporated land in Maricopa County that is planned for urban development 
within either a County Area Plan, a Development Master Plan/Master Planned 
Community, or a Municipal Planning Area from a municipal general plan within 
the extent of Maricopa County. 
Under the new Municipal-Rural Influence Framework that this Comprehensive 
Plan puts forth, unincorporated land can be considered as part of the Urban 
Growth Area or the Rural Service Area. 
Urban Growth Area
When not hindered by the previously mentioned constraints, there are opportunities 
for growth in unincorporated Maricopa County. Any land determined to be in the 
County’s Urban Growth Area, as detailed in the Municipal-Rural Influence Framework, 
has the ability to propose a land use designation change or rezoning to an urban land 
use regardless of the land’s initial designation. However, being determined to be in 
the Urban Growth Area does not automatically allow for approval of any land use 
designation change or rezoning request. The formal definition of the Urban Growth 
Area in Maricopa County is as follows:
Any unincorporated land designated for an urban land use in the Comprehensive 
Plan, the respective County Area Plan, or an applicable municipal general plan if the 
requirements of the Urban Solutions for Urban Development (USUD) strategy can 
be satisfied and assurance of annexation can be obtained. Unincorporated land 
designated for rural land use in the Comprehensive Plan or a County Area Plan 
could also be considered the Urban Growth Area if that land is designated for urban 
land use in an applicable municipal general plan, provided that the requirements of 
the USUD umbrella policy can be satisfied and an assurance of annexation can be 
obtained to avoid forming new County Islands. Any area that does not meet these 
criteria is part of the Rural Service Area, which allows for rural land use. Moreover, 
urban growth is unsuitable anywhere that the constraints identified in this chapter, as 
applicable, cannot be properly addressed.
While the Urban Growth Area does allow for urban-context development in 
unincorporated areas assuming the USUD requirements are satisfied and the other 
conditions in the above definition are also met, Maricopa County does affirm that 
such urban development, especially urban residential development, should annex 
into the appropriate municipalities to avoid the endurance of County Islands or the 
creation of new ones and to ensure urban services, urban infrastructure, and a locally 
elected government are available. If, for whatever reason, annexation is not possible, 
then any proposed urban development in the County’s Urban Growth Area shall seek 
an assurance of annexation with the appropriate municipality.
Certain industrial land uses that require large amounts of land, but not urban services 
and infrastructure, are acceptable outside the Urban Growth Area in the Rural Service 
Area. These uses could include electric generating facilities, proving grounds and 
test facilities, extraction industries, agriculturally-oriented businesses and other 
rural-type industrial uses on a case-by-case basis. Additionally, certain commercial 
land uses that are under 40 acres do not require a Comprehensive Plan Amendment 
and can prove proportionally-scaled satisfactions to the USUD requirements are 
acceptable outside the Urban Growth Area in the Rural Service Area.
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172

Rural Service Area
The Rural Service Area in Maricopa County encompasses regions characterized 
by low-density land use, limited infrastructure, and a strong emphasis on 
preserving open space, agricultural operations, and the rural lifestyle. These 
areas are not in the Urban Growth Area and are not intended for intensive urban 
development. Development in the Rural Service Area is guided by policies that 
prioritize compatibility with the natural landscape, minimize infrastructure 
demands, conserve regional resources, and maintain the integrity of rural 
communities. As such only rural land use designations and their associated 
zoning districts are expected in the Rural Service Area with the exception for 
certain industrial and commercial land uses previously mentioned.
Urban/Rural Transitional Areas
Urban/rural interface transition areas in unincorporated Maricopa County 
represent dynamic zones where urban or suburban expansion meets 
traditionally rural landscapes. These areas are characterized by a mix of land 
uses, including low-density residential development, agricultural operations, 
and emerging infrastructure. These transition areas are often included within 
the limits of the current Area Plans. As growth continues to extend outward from 
incorporated municipalities, these transitional zones face increasing pressure to 
accommodate new housing, commercial activity, and public services. However, 
the lack of municipal governance and limited infrastructure in the County can 
complicate planning efforts. This is why Maricopa County supports planning for 
these areas between its Urban Growth Area and its Rural Service Area to ensure 
smooth and cohesive transitions.
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
173

OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by ensuring 
strategic and orderly 
development that supports 
livability and accessibility.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals strongly support 
Stewardship by directing 
growth to appropriate areas 
and reducing environmental 
impacts.
PROSPERITY
These goals reinforce Prosperity 
by creating a stable and efficient 
framework for economic growth.
Growth Area Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports assurance of annexation, where feasible, of new urban 
development and redevelopment sites within its Urban Growth Area. 
1.2
Maricopa County supports planning for urban/rural interface transition areas between its 
Urban Growth Area and Rural Service Area.
Growth Areas Goal 1: Address growth strategically to ensure orderly, 
compatible land use and reasonable development.
Goal Statement: Ensuring orderly and reasonable growth through effective development planning 
practices is crucial for providing the appropriate infrastructure needed to maintain a high quality 
of life.
Goals & Policies
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174

Growth Area Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports consistent implementation of and compliance with its Urban 
Solutions for Urban Development strategy in its Urban Growth Area.
2.2
Maricopa County supports periodically evaluating the development constraints and 
considerations identified in this element to determine how they impact the Urban Growth 
Area, and whether they require reconsideration or modification.
Growth Areas Goal 2: Have urban growth that is consistent with the 
County’s Urban Growth Area, meets statutory requirements, and 
implements the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy.
Goal Statement: The County’s Urban Growth Area allows for the growth of infrastructure, services, 
and development according to the Urban Solutions for Urban Development strategy in order to 
protect the public’s health, safety, and well-being.
 Chapter 9 •  GROWTH AREAS
175

10
Open Space

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Annual visitation to 
Maricopa County 
Parks is expected to 
rise from  
2.7 million  
in 2022 to  
3.7 million  
by 2032
Introduction
Open space and recreation are 
fundamental components of a healthy 
and livable community. Across the 
United States, research consistently 
demonstrates that parks, trails, 
and natural areas provide critical 
environmental, social, and economic 
benefits. They improve air and water 
quality, mitigate urban heat islands, 
and support biodiversity, while offering 
residents opportunities for physical 
activity, mental restoration, and social 
interaction. In urbanized regions, 
open spaces provide essential green 
infrastructure where people of all ages 
and backgrounds can gather. Open 
spaces also contribute to the aesthetic 
character of urban areas, offering 
visual relief from built environments 
and preserving distinctive landmarks 
that strengthen a region’s identity. 
However, as urbanization intensifies 
and development pressures grow, 
protecting and enhancing open space 
becomes a critical consideration to 
ensure future generations enjoy equal 
and widespread access to nature and 
recreation.
Maricopa County manages one of 
the largest regional park systems 
in the United States, covering more 
than 120,000 acres of Sonoran Desert 
landscapes. The system’s mission 
is to preserve open space, protect 
sensitive ecosystems, and provide 
diverse recreational opportunities for 
residents and visitors. It includes 12 
regional parks and conservation areas 
along with miles of multi-use trails all 
offering unique amenities.
This chapter establishes a vision for an 
interconnected system of parks, trails, 
and natural areas that reflects County 
priorities and responds to emerging 
challenges. It outlines goals and 
policies to conserve natural resources, 
expand recreational opportunities, and 
integrate open space planning with 
housing, transportation, and economic 
development strategies. In doing so, 
the Comprehensive Plan elevates 
open space and recreation as core 
components of a dynamic, healthy, and 
attractive Maricopa County.
The Open Space element recommends ways to increase the 
amount, quality, and variety of open space in unincorporated 
Maricopa County, and ways to link open space into 
interconnected systems.
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178

Planning 
Considerations
Maricopa County’s Parks Vision 2030 outlines a comprehensive approach to 
managing and expanding its regional park and open space system in response 
to rapid population growth and evolving community needs. The County, home 
to over 4.4 million residents in 2020, is projected to surpass five million by 2030 
and reach 6.4 million by 2055. This growth will significantly increase demand 
for parks, trails, and natural open spaces, with annual visitation expected to rise 
from 2.7 million in 2022 to 3.7 million by 2032. To maintain the current standard 
of 27 acres per 1,000 residents, the County must acquire approximately 15,000 
acres every decade. Public input strongly supports reinvesting in existing parks, 
protecting wildlife corridors, and acquiring new open spaces.
Open Space
Maricopa Count y deems the 
preservation and development of 
open spaces in general as essential 
for maintaining the quality of life for its 
residents, promoting physical activity, 
and fostering a sense of community. 
Overall, there are 4,850.3 square miles, 
or 3,104,190 acres, of open space land 
in unincorporated Maricopa County. 
This total includes the 120,000 acres 
in the 12 regional parks in the County 
system, the 684,000 acres of recreation 
land under BLM management, the 
655,000 acres of the Tonto National 
Forest, and the 97,350 acres of 
dedicated or proposed open space 
from the County’s area plans. The 
remaining acreage of open space in the 
unincorporated County are either not 
planned to remain open space or are 
under the operation of other agencies 
that do not permit recreational use. As 
the population continues to grow and 
development follows, the importance 
of balancing development with the 
conservation of open spaces remains 
a key priority for Maricopa County. The 
recreational opens space land in the 
County is shown on Map 22.
 Chapter 10 •  OPEN SPACE
179

Parks
Maricopa County manages one of the largest regional park systems in the United 
States, encompassing approximately 121,185 acres of protected land. All the 
regional parks the County manages are shown in Map 22. The park system is 
designed to balance recreation, conservation, and connectivity. It offers extensive 
open space areas, diverse recreational resources, and a well-planned network of 
access points. The system includes:
	
„ Regional Parks (12 total including Conservation Areas) 
	ƒ Adobe Dam Regional Park – 1,454 acres
	ƒ Buckeye Hills Regional Park – 4,453 acres
	ƒ Cave Creek Regional Park – 2,934 acres
	ƒ Estrella Mountain Regional Park – 19,837 acres
	ƒ Lake Pleasant Regional Park – 23,662 acres
	ƒ McDowell Mountain Regional Park – 20,472 acres
	ƒ San Tan Mountain Regional Park – 10,119 acres
	ƒ Usery Mountain Regional Park – 3,529 acres
	ƒ White Tank Mountain Regional Park – 29,557 acres
	ƒ Vulture Mountains Recreation Area – 1,046 acres (with 70,000+ acres under 
cooperative management with BLM)
	
„ Conservation Areas
	ƒ Spur Cross Ranch Conservation Area – 2,174 acres
	ƒ Hassayampa River Preserve – 776 acres
	
„ Education Center
	ƒ Desert Outdoor Center at Lake Pleasant
	
„ Linear Parks & Greenways
	ƒ Maricopa Trail – 315+ miles (regional loop connecting parks)
	ƒ Sun Circle Trail – 35 miles (National Recreation Trail)
	
„ Future Expansion Targets
	ƒ Verde River, New River Mesa, Buckeye Hills East, Saddle Mountain, Big Horn 
Mountains, Harquahala, Eagletail, Hummingbird Springs, Painted Rocks, Lake 
Pleasant West, Seven Springs, Horseshoe Lake, Bartlett Lake, Table Mesa.
Local and neighborhood parks similarly play a crucial role in maintaining the 
stability of communities by offering spaces for recreation, social interaction, and 
promoting healthy lifestyles. Unlike cities and towns, Maricopa County does not 
manage local parks. Instead, parks in unincorporated areas are privately managed 
by homeowners’ associations or similar entities. Nevertheless, Maricopa County 
recognizes the importance of having local parks with adequate and appropriate 
amenities as a vital part of the community. 
Available 
Recreational 
Resources 
Trail System - Multi-use 
trails for hiking, biking, 
equestrian use, competitive 
tracks, ADA/barrier-free 
trails.
Camping Facilities - 
Developed RV and tent sites, 
primitive camping areas, 
group/youth campgrounds.
Water Recreation - Lake 
Pleasant: boating, fishing, 
kayaking, paddleboarding; 
boat ramps, marinas.
Amenities & Facilities - Nature 
centers, amphitheaters, 
p l a y g r o u n d s ,  p i c n i c 
ramadas, restrooms (flush/
vault), dump stations, 
equestrian staging areas, 
archery ranges, shooting 
ranges, observatories, event 
venues, interpretive signage, 
retail/gift shops.
Programs & Education - 
Interpretive education, guided 
hikes, bird walks, moonlight 
hikes, fitness events, 
volunteer programs, youth 
education at Desert Outdoor 
Center.
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121,185 acres
Protected land managed by Maricopa County, forming one 
of the largest regional park systems.
Map 22.   County Parks and Trails Map
Source: Maricopa County Parks & Recreation, 2025; Maricopa County Planning & Development, 2025; BLM, 2024
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Trails
Maricopa County manages an 
extensive trail network spanning more 
than 651 miles, with 290 miles located 
within its regional parks. These trails 
wind through diverse landscapes, 
including desert terrain, canal paths, 
and mountain foothills, offering a 
scenic and interconnected system 
for outdoor recreation. Designed for 
multiple uses, the trails accommodate 
hiking, mountain biking, and horseback 
riding, with select paved segments 
supporting wheeled sports.
Beyond the trail paths within the 12 
regional parks, the Maricopa Trail and 
the Sun Circle Trail are extensive trails 
that traverse the County connecting 
urban spaces to nature. Both of these 
trails are integral to Maricopa County’s 
efforts to enhance the recreational 
opportunities available to residents. 
The Maricopa Trail and the Sun Circle 
Trail are shown in Map 22.
The Maricopa Trail is a 315-mile loop 
that encircles the Phoenix metropolitan 
area, connecting ten of Maricopa 
County’s regional parks and various 
municipal parks. This extensive trail 
system offers a unique opportunity 
for outdoor enthusiasts to explore the 
diverse landscapes of the Sonoran 
Desert, from open desert expanses 
to urban centers. The trail is designed 
for multiple uses, including hiking, 
biking, and horseback riding, making 
it accessible to a wide range of 
users. With numerous trailheads and 
community access points, the Maricopa 
Trail provides a comprehensive tour 
of the County’s natural beauty and 
recreational opportunities. The trail 
also includes spurs that link to outlying 
mountain parks and other regional trails 
like the Arizona Trail.
The Sun Circle Trail is a scenic and 
versatile trail that spans approximately 
110 miles (35 miles maintained by 
Maricopa County), creating a similar 
loop that connects various parts of 
the Phoenix metropolitan area. Like 
the Maricopa Trail, the Sun Circle 
Trail is designed for multiple uses, 
including hiking, biking, and horseback 
riding. However, it often follows canal 
paths, providing a unique urban trail 
experience and additional recreation 
opportunities for wheeled sports. The 
Sun Circle Trail links several parks and 
natural areas, offering users a chance 
to explore diverse landscapes, from 
desert vistas to lush green spaces. It 
serves as an important recreational 
resource, promoting outdoor activities, 
and connecting communities in 
unincorporated Maricopa County.
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Strategies
Overall, Maricopa County seeks to be a regional leader in recreation, conservation, and community engagement, ensuring 
access to natural spaces, promoting health and wellness, and preserving the Sonoran Desert’s natural and cultural heritage 
while adapting to future growth and environmental challenges. Maricopa County’s future strategy for managing open 
space and recreation centers on preserving and expanding a connected system of natural areas, parks, and trails while 
balancing rapid population growth with ecological protection. This is expected to be achieved through reinvesting in existing 
parks to maintain quality visitor experiences and protecting wildlife corridors and river greenways to ensure biodiversity 
and connectivity. Framing open space not only as a recreational amenity but as critical infrastructure for health, water 
conservation, and economic vitality, ensuring that future growth supports a high quality of life while protecting the County’s 
unique desert heritage.
Park Master  
Planning: 
Maricopa County anticipates updating all Park Master Plans within two to three years. These 
updates will address emerging recreation trends, visitor capacity challenges, and urban 
encroachment, ensuring parks remain relevant and resilient.
Development  
Guidelines: 
Future development will incorporate low-impact design and green infrastructure while 
maintaining buffer zones to protect sensitive landscapes. Continual review of zoning policies 
will help preserve riparian areas and hillside slopes.
Edge  
Treatments: 
The transition from urban development to open space along the edges of County’s regional 
parks is a critical issue for the park system. Effective edge treatment works to minimize 
the effects of this transition and shapes the parks’ quality, accessibility, security, and 
endurability. Hard edges, such as walls and fences, diminish scenic value and isolate parks 
from surrounding areas. In contrast, soft edges, like natural landscaping and larger building 
setbacks, protect scenery and integrate parks with nearby communities. Maricopa County 
supports working with municipalities to apply soft edge treatments on a case-by-case basis 
and endorses guidelines for unincorporated areas.
Hazards and 
Conservation: 
To reduce drought and wildfire risks, the County prioritizes habitat restoration, invasive species 
management, and adaptation measures. This conservation leadership will be strengthened 
through regional collaboration with federal, state, and municipal partners.
Land  
Acquisition: 
The County plans to acquire and manage new parklands and corridors ahead of growth. 
Priority areas include the Verde River and New River Mesa in the East Valley and Buckeye 
Hills and Saddle Mountain in the West Valley. Four new regional parks are planned by 2050, 
along with river corridor restoration for recreation and wildlife movement.
Strategic  
Partnerships: 
Collaboration with federal and state agencies, cities, and nonprofits will be essential for 
land acquisition, stewardship, and program development. These partnerships will help share 
resources and responsibilities.
Diversified  
Funding Portfolio: 
Funding will come from a mix of sources, including general obligation bonds, development 
impact fees, grants, dedicated taxes, concessionaire investments, and volunteer programs. 
This diversified approach ensures financial sustainability for operations and future growth.
Recreation and  
Visitor Experience: 
Access points will be managed through a variety of means including primary park entrances 
with controlled entry stations, regional trailheads, and secondary/remote trailheads. These 
measures will improve connectivity between parks, communities, and wildlife corridors. 
Visitor satisfaction will be monitored through surveys, economic impact studies, and capacity 
management strategies supported by technology.
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OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by providing 
residents with the ability for 
health, leisure, and social 
interactions.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals strongly reflect 
Stewardship by preserving and 
protecting the unique Sonoran 
Desert environment and its 
ecological integrity.
PROSPERITY
These goals contribute to 
Prosperity by supporting 
local economies and regional 
attractiveness.
Goals & Policies
Open Space Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports implementing the County Parks and Recreation Department’s 
currently adopted Parks, Open Space & Trail System Plan, and any successor plan.
1.2
Maricopa County supports soft edge treatments and buffers along the perimeter of its 
regional parks, regional trail system, the El Rio corridor, and open space in unincorporated 
areas of the County. 
Open Space Goal 1: Protect and expand the regional park system 
proportionately with population growth. 
Goal Statement: Ensuring that the regional park system grows and integrates in proportion to 
meet the needs and demands for recreational opportunities in the natural landscapes and spaces 
of an increasing population in both the incorporated and unincorporated portions of Maricopa 
County.
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Open Space Goal 2: Support access to both local and regional 
recreational opportunities and open space. 
Goal Statement: Supporting appropriate public access to recreational lands and open spaces in 
the region outside of the County’s jurisdiction is important for providing opportunities for exercise, 
relaxation, enjoyment, and social interaction, while also supporting environmental conservation 
and local economies.
Open Space Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports supports new residential developments using the local park ratios 
identified in this Plan as a guide for the provision of local recreational amenities.
2.2
Maricopa County supports user-based funding options for its regional park system and 
regional trail system to help maintain high-quality amenities and access. 
1.3
Maricopa County will coordinate with planning initiatives that seek to revitalize the Salt and 
Gila River corridors as vital ecological, cultural, and economic assets. 
1.4
Maricopa County supports the mission and ongoing efforts of the Lower Gila River 
Collaborative, a voluntary partnership focused on restoring the Lower Gila River ecosystem 
while promoting stewardship, recreation, and compatible development.
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Open Space Goal 3: Maintain the Maricopa Trail and the Maricopa 
County Regional Trail System. 
Goal Statement: Continue to protect and enhance the Maricopa County Trail System in addition 
to working with regional municipalities to connect the trail system to their parks, preserves, and 
open space systems..
Open Space Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports dedication and improvement of trail right-of-way within new 
development, including the Maricopa Trail and Maricopa County Regional Trail System.
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Open Space Goal 4: Provide regional leadership to promote the 
preservation of the desert landscape through protected recreational 
lands and open space. 
Goal Statement: Leading efforts to preserve and conserve the natural landscape and wildlife 
habitats and corridors through protected recreational lands and open spaces is a primary objective 
for the flourishing of the unique environment of the Sonoran Desert for future generations.
Open Space Policies:
4.1
Maricopa County supports the protection of scenic corridors and views as outlined in adopted 
scenic corridor plans and in the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance.
4.2
Maricopa County supports partnering with municipalities to address edge treatments along 
the perimeter of regional parks and the regional trail system.
4.3
Maricopa County supports partnering with adjacent federal and state agencies to expand 
recreation opportunities and protect and preserve existing open space from development 
pressures where feasible.
4.4
Maricopa County supports partnering with adjacent federal, state, and local agencies to 
promote responsible recreational activities and opportunities that aim to protect and preserve 
existing parks, recreation areas, public lands, and open spaces.
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11
Water Resources

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Introduction
Managing water resources is one of Maricopa County’s most pressing 
challenges as growth continues and the unincorporated areas depend on a mix 
of surface, ground, and reclaimed water to fulfill demand. As long as people have 
lived in this region, there has been an understanding that with the dry climate, 
careful planning and responsible use of water are essential. That same mindset 
continues today in the County, allowing millions to call the desert home.
As Maricopa County grows, so does the challenge of providing enough water for 
everyone. Weather patterns can shift from year to year, making water supplies 
unpredictable. To keep up with demand and ensure long-term efficiency and 
supply, we need to find new ways to use water more efficiently and make the 
most of what we have.
Recognizing this, state law requires Maricopa County to include a Water 
Resources section in its Comprehensive Plan. This section looks at how 
much water is available, how much we’ll likely need as the population grows, 
and how we can meet that demand. The goal is to offer practical policies and 
recommendations that support smart, balanced water use for the future.
The water providers within Maricopa County rely on three main sources: 
	
„ Surface Water: Includes rivers, lakes, and water delivered through the Central 
Arizona Project (CAP) Canal.
	
„ Groundwater: Water stored underground in aquifers.
	
„ Effluent/Reclaimed Water: Treated wastewater that can be reused for certain 
purposes.
The next section provides a closer look at each of these sources.
3
main sources water 
providers within Maricopa 
County rely on (Surface 
Water, Groundwater, 
and Effluent/Reclaimed 
Water)
The Water Resources element focuses on strategies to 
help ensure that an adequate water supply is available to 
meet future growth. Since water supply and allocation are 
regulated at the state level, strategies in this element target 
water conservation and water quality protection efforts that 
Maricopa County can implement at a local level.
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Planning Considerations
Surface Water and the CAP Canal
Surface water is from sources such 
as rivers, lakes, and streams. This 
is Arizona’s main renewable water 
source. However, as surface water 
replenishment depends on annual 
rainfall and snowmelt, its availability 
can vary widely from year to year. To 
help manage this variability, reservoirs 
and dams along the Salt, Verde, Gila, 
and Agua Fria Rivers collect runoff 
from northern and eastern Arizona. 
This stored water helps stabilize 
supplies during both wet and dry 
periods.
A major source of surface water for 
Maricopa County is the CAP Canal. 
Managed by the Central Arizona 
Water Conservation District, the CAP 
Canal stretches nearly 340 miles from 
Lake Havasu to the San Xavier Indian 
Reservation near Tucson. It delivers 
about 1.5 million acre-feet of Colorado 
River water each year to Maricopa, 
Pinal, and Pima Counties, making it 
a critical lifeline for all who live in its 
service area. 
The Colorado River’s water is divided 
among seven western states under 
the 1922 Colorado River Compact. 
Arizona, California, and Nevada make 
up the Lower Basin, while Wyoming, 
Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico 
form the Upper Basin. Each division 
receives 7.5 million acre-feet annually, 
with Arizona allocated 2.8 million 
acre-feet. Some of this water is used 
directly, while the rest is stored in 
underground aquifers to help buffer 
against future shortages. The Arizona 
Water Banking Authority oversees this 
storage process.
As of 2025, Arizona is grappling with a 
Tier 1 shortage in the Colorado River 
Basin, resulting in a 512,000 acre-
foot reduction, impacting 30% of the 
Central Arizona Project’s supply and 
nearly 8% of the state’s total water 
use. With the threat of deeper Tier 
2 or 3 cuts looming, municipalities 
are looking to groundwater reserves, 
conservation efforts, and collaborative 
drought 
planning. 
Arizona 
has 
proposed a “supply-driven” model that 
ties water allocations to actual river 
flows, aiming for fairer distribution 
amid recent water level declines. 
However, negotiations among the 
seven basin states remain tense and 
unresolved, with Upper Basin states 
wary of shifting burdens. The cuts 
affect agriculture, tribal lands, and 
recreation, prompting environmental 
advocates to push for long-term water 
strategies. Meanwhile, the century-
old Colorado River Compact faces 
mounting pressure as 30 tribes assert 
their water rights, adding complexity 
to an already strained system.
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Groundwater is water that has slowly seeped into underground aquifers over 
many years from rain and snowmelt. As it takes so long to naturally refill these 
aquifers, groundwater is considered a limited and mostly non-renewable resource. 
The Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) oversees the regulation and 
management of groundwater sources to ensure short-term use and protect long-
term availability. In 2024, ADWR published an update of its Groundwater Model 
and 100-Year Assured Water Supply Projection that estimated the volume of 
groundwater in storage above 1,000 feet at the end of the historical simulation 
(simulated over 122 years, from 1900-2022) to be 126,750,000 AF. The cumulative 
storage change (decline) for this same 122-year historical period is 21,470,000 
AF. Also following the 2024 update to incorporate the latest data, the 100-year 
Assured Water Supply projection reported that the unmet demand at the end of the 
100-year projection period is estimated to be 3,604,500 AF, which is a reduction 
from the previous projection estimate of 4,862,000 AF. The majority of the unmet 
demand is within the so-called “unprotected” sectors, which include agriculture, 
industrial, and other uses. Since the supply of surface water sources are annually 
variable or restricted through the Colorado Compact, this projected unmet 100-
year demand will likely be served through a combination of converting land from 
high-consumption water uses to lower-demand water uses and increased water 
reuse to limit the rate of increase in pumping groundwater in the Phoenix AMA.
In unincorporated Maricopa County, water management faces unique challenges 
due to diverse land ownership and varying levels of infrastructure. Unincorporated 
areas often rely heavily on groundwater, which is regulated under the state’s Active 
Management Areas, which were established under the 1980 Arizona Groundwater 
Management Act to prevent over-extraction and ensure safe yield. Over-extraction, 
also referred to as overdraft, occurs when more water is pumped from the aquifer 
than is replenished, and can lead to land subsidence, causing the ground to sink 
and potentially damage infrastructure. Maricopa County has 48.8% of its land area 
in the Phoenix AMA, 4.1% in the Pinal AMA, 5.3% in the Harquahala Irrigation Non-
expansion Area (INA), and 41.9% outside of an AMA or INA. AMAs implement strict 
groundwater management plans, aiming to balance groundwater withdrawal with 
natural and artificial recharge. 
Groundwater 
Graywater is wastewater from everyday activities like showering, laundry, and 
handwashing. Once treated, it can be reused for things like supporting agricultural 
and landscaping irrigation, supporting industrial cooling and processes, and other 
non-drinking purposes.
The region has 92 wastewater treatment facilities producing around 324,000 
acre-feet of treated graywater annually. As Maricopa County continues to grow, 
graywater has and will continue to be a vital source of water for non-potable uses 
as a means to preserve the regional groundwater and surface water sources  for 
uses that require potable water.
Effluent / Graywater
The primary source of 
water in the Phoenix 
AMA portion of 
Maricopa County is 
groundwater at 748,000 
acre-feet annually
Agriculture remains Arizona’s largest water consumer, but reductions in CAP 
deliveries and new conservation mandates are accelerating changes in cropping 
patterns and irrigation practices. Farmers are adopting precision irrigation, soil 
moisture sensors, and crop switching to maintain productivity under constrained 
supplies. However, continued farmland conversion to urban development, 
especially in Maricopa County, raises concerns about regional and national food 
security, given Arizona’s role as a major winter vegetable producer. Balancing 
water conservation with the need to sustain agricultural output will remain a critical 
challenge moving forward.
Water Scarcity’s 
Effect on Agriculture 
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The primary source of water in the Phoenix AMA portion of Maricopa County 
is groundwater at 748,000 acre-feet (AF) annually. Surface water is the second 
largest source for water in the Phoenix AMA at 562,000 AF annually. The CAP Canal, 
which transports Colorado River water, is the third largest source in the County at 
419,000 AF annually. Effluent or reclaimed water is the smallest source of water in 
the Phoenix AMA at 274,000 AF annually. Figure 19 illustrates the sources of water 
in the Phoenix AMA. 
Supply of Water 
Sources
Figure 19.   Source of Water in Phoenix AMA (in acre-feet), 
2019 Data
Source: Phoenix Active Management Area – 5th Management Plan 2020-2025
Demand for Water 
Sources
As urban development expands into farmland, the demand for water is moving 
away from agriculture production towards residential and industrial uses. Until 
1999, more water was used in the Phoenix AMA for agriculture than for cities. 
Since that time, water demand has gradually shifted to where in 2019, agriculture 
accounted for only 29% of the Phoenix AMA overall water use, while municipal use 
accounted for 50% and industrial use accounted for an additional 10%. The Native 
American Tribal communities account for the remaining 21% of water demand in 
the Phoenix AMA. Figure 20 displays the percentage splits of how water is used in 
the Phoenix AMA.
Figure 20.   Water Demand in Phoenix AMA (in acre-feet), 
2019 Data
Source: Phoenix Active Management Area – 5th Management Plan 2020-2025
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193

Strategies
Ensuring access to safe and clean water remains a foundational priority for 
Maricopa County. In alignment with state and County health regulations, 
the County plays a critical oversight role by reviewing infrastructure plans, 
conducting inspections, and issuing permits for water services.
Two key programs that manage oversight are the Drinking Water Program and 
the Water and Waste Water Treatment Program. The Drinking Water Program 
regulates public water systems to ensure compliance with federal drinking water 
standards. It also provides technical assistance, educational outreach, and 
regulatory guidance to system administrators, helping them maintain safe and 
reliable water delivery. The Water and Wastewater Treatment Program oversees 
the regulation of water and wastewater treatment facilities, reclaimed water 
operations, and reuse water systems. While Maricopa County does not own or 
operate these facilities, its regulatory role is essential in safeguarding public 
health and environmental quality. Together, these programs reflect Maricopa 
County’s proactive approach to water safety, emphasizing collaboration, 
compliance, and community well-being.
Water Quality
Adequate Water 
Supply
In areas designated as AMAs, Arizona law requires land developers to prove an 
Assured Water Supply (AWS) through securing a Certificate of Assured Water 
Supply (CAWS) before subdividing land. This certificate ensures that there is a 
long-term, reliable water source to support the proposed development. For water 
providers, a Designation of Assured Water Supply (DAWS) is issued to prove an 
AWS for all of a provider’s customers.
Outside of AMAs, water use was less regulated prior to 2007. At this time the 
State of Arizona gave municipalities and counties the authority to require a 
Water Adequacy Determination for new subdivisions. While this determination 
is not as stringent as the certificate required within AMAs, it still plays a critical 
role in responsible growth.
To receive a Water Adequacy Determination, developers must demonstrate:
	
„ That water is physically available, legally accessible, and consistently reliable.
	
„ That the subdivision has the financial capacity to deliver water to residents.
	
„ That the water quality meets all required health and safety standards.
Maricopa County views Water Adequacy Determinations as a practical and 
necessary tool for promoting sustainable development outside AMAs. They help 
ensure that new communities are built with a clear understanding of their water 
resources and responsibilities.
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Starting  in 2023, the state government issued a moratorium on issuing any 
new AWS, pausing the approval of new subdivision plats that solely relied on 
groundwater. This decision was made due to modeling showing future shortfalls 
for groundwater, forcing developers to use other water sources to proceed with 
development. With approvals for new groundwater supplies suspended and 
surface water sources like CAP already stretched, housing construction halted 
in areas of Maricopa County that had not already been issued an AWS. 
In October 2025, EPCOR was officially awarded the first Alternative Designation 
of Assured Water Supply (ADAWS) by ADWR. Following a new 2023 rule, the 
ADAWS offers flexibility by allowing water providers to secure an AWS through 
evaluating demand in its entire service area, which is now subject to AWS 
rules, and proving a 100-year water supply with a comingling of a provider’s 
water supplies. This means that all groundwater pumped and delivered within 
that service area must be made consistent with the management goal of that 
particular Active Management Area.  As part of the ADAWS, EPCOR has also 
become a member in the Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District 
(CAGRD), which requires EPCOR to replenish all excess groundwater it delivers 
to customers within its CAGRD-enrolled service areas to ensure groundwater 
pumping is made consistent with AWS rules. EPCOR’s attainment of an ADAWS 
secures water reliability for more than 140,000 in its service area and unlocks 
the potential for 60,000 new homes.
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Given that certain areas within the Phoenix AMA continue to experience water 
level declines from groundwater pumping, the state also initiated a moratorium 
on the issuance of permits for proposed subdivisions that are not served by a 
designated water provider and would rely on local groundwater as a primary water 
source. In response to these restrictions, transporting additional groundwater 
to the Phoenix AMA from the Harquahala INA Basin has become a realistic 
possibility over the near-term period if needed.
The Harquahala INA is one of the groundwater basins in rural Arizona set aside 
specifically to import water to the Phoenix AMA, and to other AMAs, once water 
gets scarce. It is approximately 766 square miles and located in the westernmost 
portions of Maricopa County and in La Paz County. Public and private entities 
from outside the Harquahala INA have purchased groundwater rights from 
landowners within the INA for at least a decade. It is now increasingly common 
that municipalities within Maricopa County are purchasing groundwater rights 
or even land for those same rights to support their own plans for growth and 
development. Challenges with this strategy include the cost or buying the land 
(and groundwater rights), the treatment of the groundwater, and the transport of 
the groundwater to the entities holding rights to it.
Harquahala INA
Water Conservation
Water conservation is fundamental to maintaining growth and quality of life in 
Maricopa County. As a desert region facing long-term water supply challenges, 
the County must lead efforts that promote efficient water use and resource 
stewardship. This includes fostering a culture of conservation through public 
education and outreach, ensuring residents and businesses understand the 
benefits and necessity of reducing water demand.
Collaboration among municipalities and regional partners is equally important. 
Coordinated planning and shared best practices can help implement strategies 
such as expanding reclaimed water use, encouraging low-water landscaping, 
and improving efficiency in both urban and agricultural settings. By integrating 
conservation principles into land use decisions and infrastructure planning, 
Maricopa County can support responsible growth while protecting its most 
limited resource for future generations.
Recently enacted state legislation has, perhaps, introduced a more efficient 
agricultural to urban land conversion program in the spirit of groundwater 
conservation while supporting increasing housing supply to address housing 
affordability. Senate Bill 1611, signed in 2025, created the “Ag-to-Urban” program, 
a voluntary pathway for farmers in Active Management Areas (AMAs) to retire 
irrigated farmland and transfer groundwater rights to urban developments. 
At the core of the law is a groundwater savings credit system, which allows 
agricultural landowners to permanently surrender their irrigation grandfathered 
rights and provide these rights to developers in the form of calculated credits. 
These credits can be applied, by a developer, toward the assured water supply 
requirements for new subdivisions. This legislation establishes a clear, regulated 
process for converting agricultural water rights to urban use while maintaining 
conservation standards and provides a framework to balance housing demand 
with groundwater protection, shaping growth in water-limited regions like 
Maricopa County.
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Water conservation is a central focus of these efforts 
whether through promoting efficient water use in new 
developments, supporting public education campaigns, or 
investing in technologies that reduce water.
Maricopa County plays a leading role in tackling regional water challenges by 
working closely with cities, towns, tribal nations, and state agencies across 
Arizona. Recognizing that water is a shared and limited resource, the County 
actively collaborates on long-term planning, infrastructure development, and 
conservation strategies that benefit the entire region. Through partnerships 
with the Arizona Department of Water Resources, the Central Arizona Project, 
and other regional stakeholders, Maricopa County helps coordinate efforts 
to protect groundwater, manage drought conditions, and expand the use of 
reclaimed water. Water conservation is a central focus of these efforts whether 
through promoting efficient water use in new developments, supporting public 
education campaigns, or investing in technologies that reduce waste.
Leadership on Water 
Resources
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Water Resource Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports residential development that is subject to the requirements of 
the Arizona Department of Water Resources Assured and Adequate Water Supply programs.
1.2
Maricopa County supports water adequacy determinations for new subdivisions outside 
Active Management Areas. 
1.3
Maricopa County supports water conservation techniques in the planning and design of 
new development.
1.4
Maricopa County supports low water use and drought-tolerant landscaping.
Water Resources Goal 1: Contribute to the endurance of the region’s 
water supply and its delivery.
Goal Statement: Supporting the local water providers’ efforts to secure the reliability and 
endurance of the region’s water supply ensures stability in water delivery necessary for planning 
future development and the needs of the community.
OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by ensuring 
reliable and high-quality water 
access for residents and 
businesses.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals reinforce 
Stewardship by emphasizing 
responsible water management 
in a desert environment.
PROSPERITY
These goals ensure economic 
stability, as water security is 
foundational to Prosperity.
OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance 
Opportunity by ensuring 
reliable and high-quality water 
access for residents and 
businesses.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals strongly reflect 
Stewardship by emphasizing 
responsible water management 
in a desert environment.
PROSPERITY
Water security is foundational 
to Prosperity, and these goals 
ensure economic stability.
Goals & Policies
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Water Resource Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports compliance with its Drinking Water Program and its Water and 
Wastewater Treatment Programs.
2.2
Maricopa County supports renewable water use for landscape, park and common area 
irrigation; artificial lakes; and decorative water features.
Water Resources Goal 2: Promote and protect regional water 
quality.
Goal Statement: Focusing on initiatives and best practices to maintain and improve water quality 
for all users.
Water Resource Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports informing the public about the importance and benefits of water 
conservation.
3.2
Maricopa County supports the collaboration of municipalities to implement best practices 
for water planning and conservation.
Water Resources Goal 3: Support and provide leadership for water 
conservation in the region.
Goal Statement: Leading initiatives to promote water conservation practices across the region 
is vital for supporting the efficient and prudent management of water resources in the desert 
Southwest.
 Chapter 11 •  WATER RESOURCES
199

12
Energy

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Introduction
Energy use is integral to nearly every 
aspect of society, powering homes, 
businesses, and critical infrastructure. 
As environmental concerns grow and 
the long-term costs and availability 
of 
natural 
resources 
become 
more 
pressing, 
energy 
efficiency 
has emerged as a critical priority. 
Promoting the use of efficient and 
renewable energy sources is not only 
sound environmental policy but also a 
wise economic strategy.
Maricopa 
County 
is 
committed 
to fostering energy practices that 
ensure a reliable energy future for 
the region to continue its growth 
and quality of life. The majority of 
the power generated in the County 
comes from natural gas and nuclear 
sources. The emphasis on advancing 
alternative energy technologies over 
the past 50 years (alongside continued 
traditional energy development) has 
led to the development of solar energy 
production plants and projects in 
Maricopa County that seek to harness 
the abundant solar resources. These 
solar power projects are concentrated 
in the western desert portions of the 
County that are flatter and have better 
transportation access. 
Under 
the 
previous 
County 
Comprehensive 
Plan, 
the 
energy 
element had a focus on alternative 
energy development (particularly solar 
power) for resource management 
purposes. 
However, 
the 
rapid 
expansion of artificial intelligence 
(AI) and data centers has triggered 
a significant surge in electricity 
demand across the United States. 
As AI technologies become more 
sophisticated and widely adopted, they 
require immense computational power, 
usually delivered through energy-
intensive data centers. According to 
the International Energy Agency, data 
centers already consume about 1.5% 
of global electricity, and this figure is 
expected to more than double by 2030, 
surpassing the current electricity 
use of entire nations like Japan. 
Domestically, the U.S. Department 
of Energy projects that electricity 
demand from data centers could 
double or triple by 2028. This growth 
is driven by the rise of generative 
AI, cloud computing, and machine 
learning applications, all of which rely 
on high-density server farms. Utilities 
in Arizona and across the western 
states are now grappling with how to 
meet this escalating demand while 
maintaining grid reliability and future 
capacity. As a result, energy planning 
and infrastructure investment are 
becoming increasingly urgent priorities 
for high-growth regions. The County 
sees energy development supported 
through 
technological 
innovation, 
as a way to grow energy capacity to 
meet demand without further strains 
on regional resources. These efforts 
position Maricopa County as a leader 
in cost-effective energy production, 
balancing 
economic 
opportunities 
and prosperity with environmental 
stewardship.
The Energy element includes policies to promote energy 
production to meet rising demand, renewable and clean 
emission energy, energy conservation and overall more 
efficient energy use.
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Planning Considerations
Energy Generation Profile in the County
Maricopa County’s energy system 
is supported by a diverse mix of 
generation facilities that power one 
of the fastest-growing regions in 
the 
nation. 
Unincorporated 
areas 
host major plants fueled by nuclear, 
natural gas, hydroelectric, and solar 
sources. The distribution of these 22 
energy generation facilities is shown 
in Map 23. At the center is the Palo 
Verde Nuclear Generating Station in 
Tonopah, the largest nuclear plant in 
the United States, producing about 
31,000 
gigawatt-hours 
annually 
and serving over one million homes 
across the Southwest. Its innovative 
use of treated wastewater for cooling 
helps conserve water in Arizona’s 
arid climate. Natural gas plants in the 
County provide essential baseload and 
peak capacity, while solar facilities 
continue to expand, reflecting the 
region’s commitment to renewable 
energy and diversification.
Maricopa 
County 
also 
actively 
continues to develop its renewable 
energy 
generation 
capabilities, 
particularly focusing on solar energy 
sources. In reviewing the County’s 
Comprehensive 
Plan 
Amendment 
data, 
the 
County 
approved 
69 
Comprehensive Plan Amendments 
(CPAs) that involved a solar energy 
project between 2008 and 2023. 
The total land area for all of these 
approved CPAs is 92 square miles, 
concentrated around both the Palo 
Verde Nuclear Generating Station and 
the Harquahala Generating Facility. 
While some of these approved CPAs 
are over a decade old, not all of the 
solar 
energy 
generating 
facilities 
have made it past the finish line to 
construction. These initiatives align 
with Maricopa County’s strategy to 
support the development of renewable 
energy as a means of growing the 
overall energy generation portfolio.
Energy Development on Federal Lands  
in the County
The Bureau of Land Management released the Record of Decision (ROD) for its 
updated Western Solar Plan in 2024. This plan update guides BLM’s management 
of solar energy proposals and projects on public lands. It makes over 31 million 
acres of public lands across 11 western states available for application for 
potential solar energy development, driving development closer to transmission 
lines/corridors or on to previously disturbed lands. This plan also excludes 
sensitive areas from solar development like specially protected lands, important 
cultural resources, and critical wildlife habitat. Siting projects away from areas 
where they may conflict with other resources and uses is expected to help 
ensure responsible development, speed the permitting process, and provide 
greater predictability to the solar energy industry on BLM land. This is important 
for Maricopa County to consider since over 35% of its total area is under BLM 
management.
Land Patterns Effect on Energy Consumption
While generation capacity remains strong, energy demand is growing rapidly as 
population and land use patterns evolve. Single-family homes in master-planned 
communities drive higher electricity use for cooling and electric vehicles, 
while multi-family housing near transit offers efficiency, but it also adds to 
overall consumption. Additionally, commercial and mixed-use developments 
increase peak daytime loads, and industrial corridors are emerging as the 
most significant growth area with data centers and advanced manufacturing 
facilities now representing the fastest-growing load segment, with some 
facilities consuming 50–100 megawatts each. All these factors have created 
unprecedented challenges for infrastructure planning and underscore the need 
for a coordinated approach that links land development with energy planning.
 Chapter 12 •  ENERGY
203

Strategies 
Broad-Based Energy Development Strategy
Maricopa County is facing a dramatic rise in electricity demand, driven by rapid 
population growth, regular heatwaves, and the proliferation of energy-intensive 
technologies such as data centers, artificial intelligence, and electric vehicles. 
Experts have recently underscored the urgency of a comprehensive strategy 
to ensure that grid reliability and long-term capacity increase do not hinder 
local and regional growth plans. Extended summer heat waves beyond typical 
durations have amplified the need for dependable cooling systems, placing 
additional strain on the power grid.
To meet these challenges, Maricopa County encourages the adoption of an 
all-of-the-above energy development approach that embraces a diverse mix of 
traditional fossil fuel sources and clean emission sources, including solar, wind, 
nuclear, natural gas, and battery storage. This strategy should be supported by 
investments in transmission infrastructure by developers responsible for such 
developments, distributed generation, and energy efficiency across all sectors—
residential, commercial, and industrial. Through supporting the expansion of 
the energy produced locally and diversifying the generation types, the County 
can allow for an energy future that has the ability to manage peak loads and 
leverage technological innovation for greater efficiency in service of building 
a strong energy future that aligns with both the demands of a rapidly evolving 
technological landscape.
Energy Efficient Development
The most cost-effective way to achieve energy efficiency is at the initial planning 
and building design stages which is why Maricopa County supports innovative 
techniques that help conserve energy. Although Maricopa County reviews 
plans to determine if energy conservation is included in project design, it also 
continuously assesses its design and construction requirements to ensure they 
do not impede energy conservation. Going forward, Maricopa County could also 
consider incentives to help increase energy efficient design and construction.
Energy efficiency is also a factor in general land use planning. As energy use in 
the region continues to increase with more urban development, the County looks 
to coordinate land use patterns within its jurisdiction that can conserve energy 
consumption through shortening travel distances. 
Energy Costs
Maricopa County has no control over future rises in energy prices, but it can 
control its own expenses by practicing energy conservation in all aspects of its 
operations. It can also help reduce residential and business energy costs by 
supporting energy efficient development techniques and technologies. Maricopa 
County can also require compensatory power generation for industrial uses 
that use large amounts of energy and that the construction of infrastructure, 
long-term maintenance of that infrastructure and long-term use and demand 
generated by a development is paid for by the development itself.
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Maricopa County encourages the adoption of an all-of-
the-above energy development approach that embraces 
a diverse mix of traditional fossil fuel sources and clean 
emission sources, including solar, wind, nuclear, natural gas, 
and battery storage.
Source: Maricopa County Office of Enterprise Technology, 2024
Map 23.   Energy Generation Facilities
 Chapter 12 •  ENERGY
205

Solar Energy Generating Facilities
With abundant sunshine and vast open and flat land, Maricopa County is seen as a 
natural leader in solar energy development. Solar power offers Maricopa County 
a promising path toward increasing the amount clean emission energy produced 
locally, but it also presents challenges that require thoughtful planning. On the 
positive side, the region’s abundant sunshine makes solar energy highly efficient 
and cost-effective, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and lowering long-term 
energy costs. Solar installations, at both the utility-scale and residential scales, 
can diversify the energy portfolio and improve grid resilience. However, solar 
power also has limitations. It is intermittent, producing energy only when the 
sun shines, which creates a need for storage solutions or backup systems. Large 
solar farms can require a significant land mass that potentially impacts wildlife 
habitats and the natural ecology or competes with other land needs. Additionally, 
the upfront costs of solar infrastructure and the need for grid upgrades can be 
barriers to widespread adoption. Balancing these benefits and drawbacks is 
essential as solar power projects continue to develop in Maricopa County.
Planning for the eventual decommissioning of solar facilities is also becoming 
increasingly important as installations age. Decommissioning involves 
dismantling panels, responsibly managing materials, and restoring land for 
future use. Without proper planning, retired solar sites could lead to waste 
management challenges and underutilized land.
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BESS
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are emerging as a critical component 
of Maricopa County’s evolving energy landscape. By storing excess energy 
during low-demand periods and discharging it during peak hours, BESS reduces 
strain on generation resources and improves grid reliability. In a region where 
summer peaks are intensified by cooling needs and data center operations, 
large-scale battery storage can help stabilize the grid and support renewable 
energy integration.
By shaping where and how these facilities are introduced and reused, the County 
can support economic growth, maintain reliable service, and ensure that energy 
infrastructure evolves in a way that strengthens long-term flexibility.
Artificial Intelligence
The rapid use of artificial intelligence is transforming energy demand across 
Maricopa County. AI systems, particularly large-scale machine learning and 
language models, require substantial computational resources, resulting in 
continuous, high-intensity electricity use. As these applications expand across 
multiple sectors, this Plan provides an opportunity to guide development in ways 
that strengthen the County’s energy future. By anticipating challenges such as 
grid reliability and resource management, and by establishing land use policies 
that support necessary infrastructure, Maricopa County can manage AI-driven 
growth while minimizing environmental impacts and ensuring that progress 
enhances community well-being.
Data Centers
Data centers are important to the digital economy and a major driver of Maricopa 
County’s projected energy growth, often locating in areas with reliable electricity 
and cooling resources. These requirements, along with the County’s available 
land, and lower risk of natural hazards compared to other regions, make Maricopa 
County an attractive destination for data center development. However, because 
of their high energy consumption, heat output, and need to operate continuously, 
it is estimated that data centers consume up to 50 times more electricity per 
square foot than traditional office buildings. Due to that, Arizona Public Service 
projects that by 2031, data centers will account for 55% of its total power needs, 
while the Salt River Project anticipates roughly half of its demand through 2029 
will be tied to these facilities. 
The amount of energy requested in data center development combined with the 
forecasted energy demand estimates for these facilities also raises the issue of 
increased energy rates spread across the customers of a given utility’s service 
area. The massive power demand of data centers has often forced utilities to 
invest in the expansion of power infrastructure because of these developments. 
From a planning perspective, the development and proliferation of data centers 
raises critical considerations for land use, infrastructure capacity, water demand, 
and environmental impacts that should all be a part of the approval process 
for digital infrastructure sites. The goals and policies within this Plan seek to 
balance the economic benefits of such high-energy use growth and expansion 
with the protection of utility customers by ensuring that the grid remains resilient 
and accessible to all residents of Maricopa County.
 Chapter 12 •  ENERGY
207

OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance Opportunity 
by ensuring reliable and efficient 
energy access for residents and 
businesses.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals strongly reflect 
Stewardship by aligning growth 
with ecological preservation 
and practices.
PROSPERITY
These goals promote Prosperity 
by positioning Maricopa County 
for future energy development.
Goals & Policies
Energy Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports an all-of-the-above energy strategy that incorporates both 
traditional and alternative sources of energy to ensure that the energy supply is abundant 
and meets demand.
1.2
Maricopa County supports expanding the energy generation supply and capacity to meet 
the increased needs from future growth.
Energy Goal 1: Support enhancing the stability and the development 
of the energy grid in the region.
Goal Statement: Improving the stability and reliability of the energy grid through resilient and 
dependable energy infrastructure to support current and future regional energy needs.
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Energy Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports energy efficient design and construction of new development.
2.2
Maricopa County supports energy conservation through balanced and efficient development 
patterns where residential, commercial and employment land uses with complementary 
compatibility are proximate.
2.3
Maricopa County supports energy conservation through having new urban development 
locate in cities and towns, and in the Urban Growth Area of the County identified in this Plan.
Energy Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports energy conservation and emissions reduction through allowing 
new development to provide alternative transportation options or connect to existing 
alternative transportation infrastructure.
3.2
Maricopa County supports the utilization of traditional, alternative, and clean emission 
energy research and development.
Energy Goal 2: Increase energy efficiency through development 
patterns.
Goal Statement: Promoting development patterns that enhance energy efficiency is essential to 
reducing the rate of demand for new energy generation sources.
Energy Goal 3: Support energy development in the region.
Goal Statement: Encouraging the development of energy resources through investment in local 
energy projects is requisite to support growth, development, and innovation within the region.
 Chapter 12 •  ENERGY
209

3.3
Maricopa County supports the use of appropriate setbacks and buffers to residential uses 
from energy generation and/or energy storage facilities to prevent or lessen the impact 
from potential fires and other potential hazards.
3.4
Maricopa County supports developing energy infrastructure using low-impact construction 
techniques and, where feasible, siting such energy infrastructure on previously disturbed 
locations for the benefit of local wildlife (including flora and fauna).
3.5
Maricopa County supports appropriate buffers and setbacks to ecological and riparian 
habitats found along borders of significant washes and riverbanks from energy generation 
and/or storage facilities.
3.6
Maricopa County supports responsible and timely decommissioning of solar energy 
generation and battery energy storage system facilities to ensure public safety, environmental 
protection, and restoration of land to a beneficial condition.
Energy Policies:
4.1
Maricopa County supports incentive programs that promote energy efficiency where 
feasible and effective.
4.2
Maricopa County supports efforts to assist businesses and individuals with renewable 
energy options and energy conservation.
Energy Goal 4: Coordinate energy initiatives/programs in the region.
Goal Statement: Aligning energy initiatives/programs with jurisdictions both within and outside 
of Maricopa County ensures coordinated planning partnerships and viable development in the 
long-term.
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Chapter 12 •  ENERGY
211

13
Cost of 
Development

In This Chapter
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Goals & Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

ROADS
PARKS
LAW ENFORCEMENT
EMERGENCY SERVICES
Introduction
Maricopa County continues to experience some of the fastest population growth 
in the nation, bringing both opportunities and challenges. While growth supports 
economic vitality and community development, it also creates significant 
demand for new infrastructure and public services—such as roads, parks, law 
enforcement, and emergency facilities. Meeting these needs requires careful 
planning and responsible fiscal management to ensure that growth pays its fair 
share without placing undue burdens on existing residents.
Arizona law mandates that the County include a Cost of Development element 
in the Comprehensive Plan to identify strategies for funding infrastructure and 
services necessitated by new development. This chapter outlines Maricopa 
County’s approach to balancing growth with fiscal prudence, ensuring that 
development contributes proportionately to the costs it generates. It evaluates 
funding mechanisms and provides overarching goals and policies that promote 
efficient land use, mutual cost sharing, and long-term financial stability.
By framing cost of development as a critical component of growth management, 
Maricopa County seeks to maintain a high quality of life, protect taxpayers, and 
support a robust economy while adapting to future challenges.
The Cost of Development element specifies ways to help 
ensure that new development pays its fair share towards 
the cost of additional infrastructure and services needed to 
serve new development. The Cost of Development element 
also identifies current cost sharing methods, recommends 
future cost sharing strategies, and includes ways to ensure 
reasonable application of the recommended strategies.
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Planning Considerations
Legal Framework
Arizona law mandates that new development contribute its fair share toward 
infrastructure and public services. However, these contributions must satisfy 
constitutional and statutory standards, including:
Rational Nexus and Rough Proportionality: Under Arizona Revised Statutes and 
U.S. Supreme Court precedents (Nollan, Dolan, and Koontz), any exaction or 
impact fee must demonstrate an essential nexus between the development and 
the public purpose served, and be roughly proportional to the impact created 
by that development. This ensures fees are not arbitrary and remain legally 
defensible. 
Due Process Protections: The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, along with 
Article 2 of the Arizona Constitution, require both procedural and substantive 
due process. Procedural due process demands transparent, consistent adoption 
processes, while substantive due process requires that cost-sharing measures 
be reasonable and not unduly oppressive. 
Takings Clause Compliance: The U.S. Constitution prohibits government from 
taking private property without just compensation. In the context of cost-
sharing, takings claims typically arise when fees lack a rational nexus or fail 
proportionality tests. 
Equal Protection: Programs must apply uniformly and avoid unjustified 
distinctions between similar developments. While absolute uniformity is not 
required, any differentiation must be relevant and defensible. 
ARS §12-1131 through §12-1138 (Private Property Rights Protection Act):  ARS 
§12-1131 through §12-1138 requires compensation if land-use regulations reduce 
property value. Although cost-sharing is not a land-use restriction per se, overly 
burdensome requirements could trigger claims under this law, necessitating 
careful review of program impacts.
Designing and implementing 
a cost-sharing program for 
new development is inherently 
complex, requiring careful 
consideration of legal, economic, 
land use, and administrative 
factors. A well-structured 
program must balance the 
need for infrastructure funding 
with protections for property 
rights, economic vitality, and 
compliance with state and 
federal law. Poorly designed 
programs risk harming the local 
economy, exacerbating housing 
affordability challenges, or 
imposing unforeseen legal and 
administrative burdens on the 
county.
 Chapter 13 •  COST OF DEVELOPMENT
215

Land Use and Growth 
Management
Inconsistent cost-sharing requirements across jurisdictions can lead to 
“jurisdiction shopping,” where developers favor areas with lower fees, resulting 
in fragmented and inefficient land-use patterns. Maricopa County should align 
its program with regional planning goals to promote orderly growth
Economics
Cost-sharing programs must avoid discouraging growth or creating imbalances 
in the local economy:
Residential vs. Non-Residential Development: Residential projects often 
generate higher service costs than tax revenues, but construction activity remains 
vital to economic health. Conversely, non-residential development diversifies the 
tax base and reduces reliance on residential property taxes. Programs should 
encourage balanced growth without incentivizing inefficient patterns. 
Competitiveness and Affordability: Excessive fees can increase housing costs 
or deter business investment. Best practices recommend conducting economic 
impact analyses and periodically adjusting fees to reflect market conditions and 
infrastructure needs.
Administrative and Lifecycle Costs
Beyond legal, growth, and economic factors, the long-term success of a cost-
sharing program depends on its administrative feasibility and ability to account 
for ongoing infrastructure needs. Implementation is not a one-time exercise; 
it requires continuous oversight, transparent processes, and adaptability to 
changing conditions. Administrative complexity can lead to inefficiencies, 
increased compliance risks, and higher operational costs if not properly managed. 
Equally important is recognizing that infrastructure obligations extend beyond 
initial construction, because facilities and services incur recurring expenses for 
maintenance, upgrades, and eventual replacement. Incorporating lifecycle cost 
analysis into program design ensures that funding strategies remain efficient 
over time, reducing the likelihood of fiscal shortfalls and deferred maintenance 
that can burden taxpayers.
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216

Strategies
Designing and implementing a fair and effective cost-sharing program is a 
complex task that requires balancing multiple priorities. Such programs must 
ensure that new development contributes proportionately to the infrastructure 
and services it demands, while avoiding unintended consequences that could 
harm the local economy, reduce housing affordability, or impose excessive legal 
and administrative burdens on the County.
A successful cost-sharing framework must be transparent, legally defensible, 
and economically efficient. It should align with state requirements for a rational 
nexus between development impacts and associated costs, while maintaining 
flexibility to adapt to changing growth patterns and market conditions. 
Additionally, the program must consider long-term fiscal implications, including 
lifecycle costs for infrastructure maintenance, and integrate strategies that 
promote efficient land use and mutual distribution of costs.
This section presents a range of funding mechanisms that can help Maricopa 
County manage growth responsibly. It identifies preferred methods for cost 
recovery, highlights best practices from recent Arizona plans, and establishes 
guiding principles to ensure that growth pays its fair share without compromising 
community well-being or economic vitality.
Funding Methods
User Fees: Maricopa County charges fees to individuals, businesses, and other 
governments that directly benefit from County services. Examples include court 
filing fees, kennel fees, park entrance fees, vital records, and probation services. 
The County’s policy is to recover the actual cost of providing these services 
while ensuring fees do not unfairly burden those most in need. All user fees are 
set by the Board of Supervisors unless otherwise directed by state law.
Property Taxes: The County may levy taxes on real and personal property 
through:
	
„ Primary Property Tax: Used to fund general obligations and special overrides.
	
„ Secondary Property Tax: Used to fund voter-approved bonds and overrides.
While a uniform tax rate is established annually, actual tax obligations vary 
based on assessed property values. Currently, Maricopa County levies only a 
primary property tax.
Excise and Special Sales Taxes: Excise taxes are locally imposed and limited in 
scope. At present, Maricopa County administers a voter-approved, temporary 
jail excise tax of one-fifth of one cent to fund detention facility construction and 
operations.
 Chapter 13 •  COST OF DEVELOPMENT
217

Intergovernmental Revenues: Maricopa County receives significant revenue 
from state programs, including:
	
„ State-Shared Sales Tax: Distributed to counties and municipalities based on 
population and other factors.
	
„ Highway User Revenue Fund (HURF): Derived from motor fuel taxes and 
allocated for transportation infrastructure.
	
„ Vehicle License Tax (VLT): Assessed annually on vehicles based on 
depreciated value.
Additional revenues may come from federal grants and intergovernmental 
agreements, though these funds often carry restrictions.
Licenses and Permits: Fees for licenses and permits—such as building permits, 
environmental health permits, and marriage licenses—help offset administrative 
costs. Rates are set by the Board unless otherwise mandated by state law.
Bond Financing: State law authorizes Maricopa County to issue bonds for capital 
projects:
	
„ General Obligation Bonds: Backed by the County’s full faith and credit.
	
„ Revenue Bonds: Repaid through specific revenue streams, such as user fees.
	
„ Special Assessment Bonds: Issued for improvements benefiting specific 
properties, repaid by those property owners.
Conditions of Approval: Conditions attached to zoning changes that require 
property owners to finance infrastructure improvements or services necessary 
for their development. This ensures mutual cost sharing and protects taxpayers.
Development Agreements: These legally binding contracts outline terms, 
conditions, and financial obligations for large-scale or master-planned 
developments. They may address land dedications, infrastructure phasing, and 
financing arrangements.
Special Tax Districts: Special districts provide services that local governments 
cannot or choose not to provide. Examples include districts for parks, libraries, 
flood control, water, sewer, and fire protection. These districts allow those 
who benefit from a service to pay for it directly, offering local control and 
accountability.
Development Fees: Development fees, also known as impact fees, are special 
charges levied on new development to cover the capital costs of infrastructure 
such as roads, parks, and public safety facilities. Fees are calculated based on 
unit type or square footage. State law limits their use to capital costs and requires 
a supporting Capital Improvement Plan. They cannot fund ongoing operations or 
maintenance. The County does not charge impact fees currently.
Other Revenue Sources: Additional funds may come from fines, forfeitures, 
concessions, land sales, and interest earnings. While not major revenue streams, 
these sources help offset specific service costs.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
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Preferred Funding Methods
To ensure fairness and compliance with state law, Maricopa County prioritizes 
a balanced approach to funding infrastructure and services required by new 
development. 
	
„ The County relies on development agreements for large-scale projects to 
clearly define responsibilities and financial obligations between developers 
and the County. 
	
„ For targeted infrastructure improvements, community improvement districts 
are used to provide localized funding solutions that directly benefit the areas 
served. 
	
„ Additionally, intergovernmental agreements play a critical role in sharing 
costs across jurisdictions, ensuring regional collaboration for projects that 
impact multiple communities. 
	
„ Finally, fee-for-service models are implemented to recover the costs of 
regulatory oversight and permitting, maintaining fiscal responsibility while 
safeguarding public health and safety.
 Chapter 13 •  COST OF DEVELOPMENT
219

OPPORTUNITY
These goals advance Opportunity 
by promoting growth occurs in a 
financially sensible and transparent 
manner.
STEWARDSHIP
These goals reflect  
Stewardship by promoting 
responsible resource allocation.
PROSPERITY
These goals strongly support 
Prosperity by protecting the 
County’s fiscal strength and 
economic stability.
Goals & Policies
Cost of Development Policies:
1.1
Maricopa County supports continuously evaluating the preferred funding methods with 
respect to the legal, socioeconomic, land use and administrative considerations identified 
in this element, and making changes when deemed necessary.
1.2
Maricopa County supports using the traditional and preferred funding methods identified in 
this Plan to offset costs of new development.
Cost of Development Goal 1: Exercise sound financial management 
and build the County’s fiscal strength.
Goal Statement: Making fiscally responsible decisions that strengthen the County’s financial 
health is needed to ensure that development projects contribute positively to the County’s fiscal 
stability.
FRAMEWORK 2040 | Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan
220

Cost of Development Policies:
2.1
Maricopa County supports the provision of clear, accurate, and accessible financial 
information related to the costs of development and to overall County operations.
Cost of Development Policies:
3.1
Maricopa County supports new development contributing its proportionate share of the 
costs of infrastructure necessary to support the demand for electric, water, sewer, and other 
services generated and necessitated by the development. 
3.2
Maricopa County supports requiring new development to contribute its proportionate share 
of long-term maintenance costs associated with the use of all new infrastructure to support 
the demand for electric, water, sewer, and other services generated and necessitated by the 
development.
3.3
Maricopa County supports requiring the provision of infrastructure, facilities, and services 
needed by new development prior to that development, either directly or through fees. Where 
appropriate, the construction of infrastructure and facilities may be phased to coincide with 
project timelines.
Cost of Development Goal 2: Ensure transparency in financial 
reporting
Goal Statement: Providing clear and accurate financial information about the County to residents 
and stakeholders is key to maintaining transparency in financial reporting that builds public trust 
and accountability.
Cost of Development Goal 3: Require that new development pays 
its proper and reasonable share of the costs of new infrastructure, 
services, and other public improvements.
Goal Statement: Ensuring that new developments contribute their proportionate share to the 
costs of infrastructure, services, and public improvements is important for reducing future 
liabilities and protecting the long-term fiscal solvency of Maricopa County.
 Chapter 13 •  COST OF DEVELOPMENT
221

14
Comprehensive 
Plan Adoption, 
Readoption, and 
Amendments

In This Chapter
Comprehensive Plan  
Adoption & Amendment Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . .224
County Area Plan Adoption & Readoption. . . . . . . .225
Amendment Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Amendment  
Procedures (continued). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

Comprehensive Plan  
Adoption & Amendment 
Guidelines
Prior to adopting the Comprehensive Plan or a Major Comprehensive Plan Amendment, the County is required to 
adopt a public participation program for Comprehensive Plan adoptions that outlines coordination strategies with 
County residents. The Board of Supervisors (Board) most recently adopted the Public Participation Program in 
2000, prior to adopting the Eye to the Future 2020 Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan. The Board is amending 
the Public Participation Program (Appendix III) for this current Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan to reflect 
modern practices.
ARS 11-805 sets procedural requirements associated with the adoption and readoption of the Comprehensive 
Plan as well as amendments to the Plan. Every 10 years, the County is required to adopt a new Comprehensive Plan 
or readopt the existing Comprehensive Plan by resolution. The Plan represents the official guide for development 
within the County and may be amended in whole or in part through successive actions.  
At least sixty (60) days prior to noticing the Comprehensive Plan or an element or major amendment of the Plan, 
the Planning & Zoning Commission (Commission), or staff thereof, is required to transmit a draft of the Plan for 
review and comment to the Board; each municipality within the County; each contiguous county; and federal, 
state, regional, and local agencies. Additionally, any person or entity that requests in writing to receive a review 
copy of the proposal will be included in the transmittal of the draft Plan or amendment. Review copies are now 
provided digitally.
The Commission shall hold at least one hearing as the recommending body for the Plan. Legal notice of the time 
and place of the hearing is required to be published in the newspaper of general circulation in the County seat 
and in a newspaper of general circulation in the area to be affected, or adjacent to the area to be affected, if other 
than the County seat. The County considers the Arizona Business Gazette to be the newspaper of record within 
Maricopa County which is available countywide in any potential affected or adjacent areas other than the County 
seat. Publication of the legal notice must occur between fifteen (15) and thirty (30) calendar days prior to the 
hearing date.
Following the recommendation by the Commission, the Board must also hold one public hearing on the Plan or 
amendment. Legal notice must be given at least fifteen (15) days prior and published in a newspaper of general 
circulation in the County seat.  
The Board may alter the contents of the Plan or amendment at the public hearing. However, before any change is 
made, the Board shall re-refer the portion of the proposal to be changed back to the Planning & Zoning Commission 
for a reissue of its recommendation prior for that portion to be heard for determination again by the Board. The 
adoption or readoption of the Comprehensive Plan or amendment to the Plan must be approved by at least two-
thirds of the Board or four (4) out of five (5) members.  
The Comprehensive Plan is intended to be a consistent, predictable, and transparent guide for 
making land use decisions in unincorporated areas. The goals and policies in this Plan support 
consistent and predictable decisions, but to remain relevant the Plan must be periodically 
modified to adapt to changes in State law, the environment, the economy, elected leadership 
and community priorities. Although amendments are sometimes necessary, Maricopa County 
reaffirms that any change should improve the County’s overall condition and not undermine 
the Plan’s core principles.
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If there is any area within County jurisdiction that is within the High Noise or Accident Potential Zone of a Military 
Airport or Ancillary Military Facility, notice must be sent to the Attorney General by certified mail with a return 
receipt requested within three (3) business days of the approval of the Plan’s adoption, readoption, or amendment 
to the Plan. The Attorney General has twenty-five (25) calendar days following notice by certified mail to issue 
a determination of compliance or non-compliance with ARS 28-8481, subsection J. If the determination is not 
given, the Comprehensive Plan is deemed in compliance. If deemed in non-compliance, the effective day of 
approval is thirty (30) days following receipt of the non-compliance notice. During this period, the Board may 
take new action altering the Comprehensive Plan to be compliant or reaffirm the non-compliant action with the 
potential for civil action by the Attorney General.
The adopted Plan is effective for up to ten (10) years following the date the Plan is adopted or readopted. 
Readoptions are permitted prior to the tenth anniversary of the Plan’s most recent adoption. Otherwise, a new 
Comprehensive Plan is required.
If a motion to adopt or readopt fails to pass, the motion may be reconsidered, and the motion to reconsider 
must also be approved by at least two-thirds of the Board. If Plan passage fails, the prior Comprehensive Plan 
remains in effect until a new Plan is adopted. The Board must annually consider adoption of the proposed Plan 
or consider a revised Plan.
County Area Plan Adoption & 
Readoption
An Area Plan is a plan that accounts for the unique conditions and needs of specific parts of Maricopa County. 
Arizona Revised Statutes establishes the required contents of a Comprehensive Plan, and the Comprehensive 
Plan establishes countywide goals and policies. While Area Plans mimic the content of a Comprehensive Plan 
by including elements, goals, policies and land use designations within the plan extent, such plans are optional. 
Area Plans and Area Plan updates are only permitted to be adopted following adoption of the initial Comprehensive 
Plan or within the effective period of the current Comprehensive Plan. If the effective period of the Comprehensive 
Plan has lapsed, an Area Plan may not be updated until a new or revised Comprehensive Plan is adopted. Area 
Plans are neither Comprehensive Plans nor Major Amendments, and therefore do not require complete adherence 
to the ARS 11-805 procedural requirements summarized in the previous section.
Criteria associated with Area Plan adoption or readoption is established within the Area Plan Program in the Land 
Use Element of the Comprehensive Plan.  
The adoption or readoption of an Area Plan shall be flexible in notice and public participation techniques in order 
to provide innovative outreach. However, a public hearing for consideration of adoption or readoption shall be 
noticed at least fifteen (15) days prior in the newspaper of general circulation (Arizona Business Gazette).
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Amendment Procedures
Goal and Policy Amendments - Comprehensive Plan
An amendment to change the goals and policies of this Comprehensive Plan may only be initiated by the 
Planning & Zoning Commission, or staff thereof, and approved by resolution by the Board of Supervisors. Such 
an amendment shall be considered for adoption in accordance with the requirements of ARS 11-805.
Goal and Policy Amendments - Area Plan
Amendments to change the goals and policies of an Area Plan may only be initiated by the Planning & Zoning 
Commission, or staff thereof, and approved by resolution by the Board of Supervisors. As with the adoptions or 
readoption of an Area Plan, notice and public participation techniques will be flexible. However, hearings shall be 
noticed at least fifteen (15) days prior in the newspaper of general circulation (Arizona Business Gazette).
Major Comprehensive Plan Amendments (including Major 
Development Master Plan Amendments)
ARS 11-805 permits the County’s Comprehensive Plan to define the criteria which determines whether a proposed 
amendment effects a substantial alteration of the County’s land use mixture or balance as established within the 
land use element of the County’s existing Comprehensive Plan.
A Major Amendment applies to changes of more than 640 contiguous gross acres and should include various 
types, densities and intensities of residential, commercial retail, office/non-retail employment, open space, and 
community land uses in a master-planned community design. However, a Major Amendment comprised of a 
single- or limited-use industrial and other large-scale employment projects may be considered eligible for a 
Major Amendment on a case-by-case basis following a pre-application meeting and subject to the discretion 
of the Zoning Inspector. A Major Amendment may also be required for a group of non-contiguous properties 
that exceed 640 gross acres aggregate if part of the same overall development at the discretion of the Zoning 
Inspector.
A Major Amendment shall comply with the requirements of ARS 11-805 as with Comprehensive Plan adoption 
and readoption. Such amendments will be evaluated for adherence to the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy, and consistency with the goals and policies of the Comprehensive Plan and the applicable Area Plan, 
if any.
The Major Amendment criteria for a Development Master Plan (DMP) are found within the DMP Guidelines. While 
obsolete, the DMP application process remains open to amendments of an existing Development Master Plan 
and for a Modification of Conditions application. Development Master Plans are not zoning, yet are considered 
a categorical feature of the Comprehensive Plan. The original intent of the Development Master Plan was to 
provide flexibility in design techniques paired with commitments associated with providing adequate facilities, 
infrastructure and amenities, and as such associated conditions are valid, enforceable, and remain in effect. 
Either an Applicant or Staff may initiate a Major Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Major DMP Amendment.
Amendments include changes to the goals, policies and/or land use designations 
in the Comprehensive Plan or County Area Plan, and changes to previously 
approved amendments to the Comprehensive Plan or a Development Master 
Plan. All amendments are processed according to state laws and require 
approval by the Board. An amendment to the Plan initiated by the applicant is 
classified as one of the following:
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General Comprehensive Plan Amendments (including Minor 
Development Master Plan Amendments)
A General Comprehensive Plan Amendment applies to changes of 640 gross acres or less. Additionally, land 
uses over 640 acres determined to be rural industrial within Step 3 of the Municipal-Rural Framework may seek 
a General Comprehensive Plan Amendment. A General Amendment is a standard amendment that must comply 
with basic State notice requirements and County public participation requirements and must be approved by 
the Board. A General Amendment will be evaluated for adherence to the Urban Solutions for Urban Development 
strategy, and consistency with the goals and policies of this Comprehensive Plan and the applicable Area Plan, if 
any. An Applicant or County Staff may initiate a General Comprehensive Plan Amendment.
Condition(s) of Approval Modification
The County Attorney’s Office has determined that Comprehensive Plan Amendment conditions of approval are 
no longer enforceable, and may not be established for a future Comprehensive Plan Amendment. Some legacy 
Comprehensive Plan Amendment conditions may have been previously implemented in a Plan of Development 
or Zoning District Change application when referenced therein, and modifications to those conditions will occur 
under those application processes specified within the Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance. 
An application may be filed to change the conditions of a previously approved Development Master Plan. Notice of 
application and notice of hearing shall occur in the same manner as a General Comprehensive Plan Amendment, 
and the application shall be approved by the Board. An application for modification of conditions may be initiated 
by an Applicant or County Staff.
Comprehensive Plan Amendment Application Waived
The Comprehensive Plan’s future land use plan map shows general land uses over large areas and not smaller area 
land uses. As such, Comprehensive Plan Amendment applications shall not be required for zoning amendment 
requests of 40 acres or fewer in size if it can be demonstrated that a preponderance of the Plan’s goals and 
policies are advanced or implemented and/or the request conforms to the existing land use designation of the 
site. An applicant’s argument for the zoning request will be evaluated by Staff prior to a hearing by the Planning 
& Zoning Commission.  
Similarly, a new permanent or semi-permanent (Special Use Permit) zoning amendment request greater than 40 
acres in size and without an appropriate land use designation, shall be required to apply for a Comprehensive 
Plan Amendment. A Comprehensive Plan Amendment shall not be required prior to a Temporary Use Permit 
application or any other application that does not establish permanent or semi-permanent zoning.
Designations of Private or State Land as Open Space, 
Recreation, Conservation, or Agriculture
Per ARS 11-804(E), “In applying an open space element or a growth element of a comprehensive plan, a county 
shall not designate private or state land as open space, recreation, conservation or agriculture unless the county 
receives the written consent of the landowner or provides an alternative, economically viable designation in the 
comprehensive plan or zoning ordinance, allowing at least one residential dwelling per acre. If the landowner is 
the prevailing party in any action brought to enforce this subsection, a court shall award fees and other expenses 
to the landowner.  Each county shall incorporate this subsection into its comprehensive plan and provide a 
process for a landowner to resolve discrepancies relating to this subsection.”
In the County, no process is necessary for a landowner to resolve discrepancies related to this subsection as 
all land use designations, with the exception of the land use designation of “Military Compatible,” allow for a 
minimum of one residential dwelling unit per acre.  Should a landowner wish to seek an alternative land use 
designation, the Major or General Amendment procedures within this Comprehensive Plan shall apply.
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Amendment  
Procedures (continued)
Major Comprehensive Plan Amendments, General 
Comprehensive Plan Amendments, Application Deadlines, and 
Hearings. 
In accordance with state law, all Major Comprehensive Plan Amendments and Major DMP Amendments will 
be considered at a single public hearing in the calendar year that the amendment is requested. Since the 
Board considers Major Amendments at a public hearing in December, the application filing deadline for a 
Major Comprehensive Plan Amendment is the last business day of May of the calendar year in which the Major 
Amendment is requested. 
It is the position of the County that the filing deadline promotes notice and proper public participation in 
accordance with state law. The deadline also provides Staff and County Officials with sufficient time for review 
of impactful land use decisions and the long-term considerations regarding potential development projects. 
No filing deadline is necessary for General Comprehensive Plan Amendments since they are considered by the 
Board throughout the calendar year.
Comprehensive Plan Amendments: Rights and Privileges
Comprehensive Plan Amendments do not grant any entitlement or protected development right, do not vest any 
development right, and do not confer any other rights beyond those outlined in state law. When approved by the 
Board, Comprehensive Plan Amendments do allow requests for zoning district boundary changes consistent 
with the approved Comprehensive Plan Amendment, Arizona Revised Statutes. and other applicable County 
requirements. 
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Comprehensive Plan Amendment Process
Preliminary Discussion (“pre-application” meeting)
Before an official Amendment application submittal, the applicant must participate in a pre-application meeting 
or discussion with Maricopa County. The pre-application meeting determines the extent of the changes needed, 
potential issues, considerations, the Amendment process necessary to meet County requirements, and the 
submittal requirements.
Application
Once the pre-application meeting is complete, an official Amendment application submittal can occur. Submittal 
and fee requirements are included in the application packet along with information about the required public 
participation process. Applicants should carefully review these requirements to help avoid potential delays in 
processing.
Official Review
Upon receipt of the official application and fees, the County Planning and Development Department will refer 
the application to the appropriate internal and external stakeholders for review. As necessary, official review 
will also include a technical advisory committee (TAC) meeting where stakeholders will provide comments and 
recommend changes needed to meet County requirements and/or stakeholder requests. Information and details 
about the TAC meeting are provided at the pre-application meeting.
Public Hearing – Planning & Zoning Commission
Once TAC requirements are met, the Amendment application will be scheduled for a public hearing by the 
Maricopa County Planning & Zoning Commission (Commission), or staff thereof. Adjacent landowners, other 
stakeholders, and affected parties will be notified of the date, time, and place of the hearing based on the 
applicant’s required site posting and notice in a newspaper of general circulation (Arizona Business Gazette). 
(Note: Additional information about site posting and other notification requirements is available in Maricopa 
County’s Public Participation Program in Appendix III). If the Commission makes a recommendation of approval 
or denial of the application, the Amendment application will be transmitted to the Board for final consideration 
and action.
Public Hearing – Board of Supervisors
As the governing body for land use decisions in unincorporated areas, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors 
is responsible for making a final determination of approval or denial of the Amendment application. Notice of 
Board hearing is provided in the same manner as the Commission hearing. The Board may either accept or 
reject the Commission’s recommendation. If the Board approves the Amendment application, it is effective 
immediately. The applicant is thereafter responsible for meeting any required conditions of approval.
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A
Appendices

In These Appendices
Appendix I: Glossary of Defined Terms. . . . . . . . . . .232
Appendix II: Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Appendix III: Public Participation Program. . . . . . . .244

Appendix I: Glossary of Defined 
Terms
The following glossary of defined terms is intended to help readers and users of the Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan 
interpret and implement its content, policies, and recommendations. These definitions are considered applicable only 
to this Comprehensive Plan and should not necessarily be used in any other capacity. Readers are encouraged to seek 
additional information on any of these concepts and terms if needed.
100-year Floodplain: A high risk area that is susceptible to a one percent chance of experiencing a 100-year flood event 
in any given year. The amount of water needed to create a 100-year flood event varies by location.
Acre-feet: A measure of volume equal to the amount of water that is needed to cover one acre of land to a depth of one 
foot (one acre-foot = 325,851 gallons).
Active Management Area (AMA): Portions of the state identified in the Arizona Groundwater Code as being heavily reliant 
on groundwater use. Groundwater in such areas is managed to achieve a safe yield, meaning no more groundwater is 
withdrawn than is annually being replaced.
Aggregates (or Aggregate Resources): A category of raw material such as sand, gravel and stone that is used to make 
concrete and asphalt.
Alternative Designation of Assured Water Supply (ADAWS): An ADWR rule implemented in 2024 that allows for a new 
regulatory pathway for municipal water providers (both municipalities and utilities) to demonstrate a 100-year water 
supply using more flexible criteria than the traditional DAWS process.
Alternative Transportation: Modes of travel other than private cars such as walking, bicycling, carpooling and mass 
transit.
Ancillary Military Facilities: In Maricopa County this includes Auxiliary Airfield #1 located in the city of Surprise, and the 
Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Airfield located south of the town of Gila Bend.
Aquifer: An underground geological formation containing saturated materials capable of storing water that can be 
extracted via a well.
Area Drainage Master Studies and Plans: Prepared by the Maricopa County Flood Control District, these studies and 
plans identify and recommend strategies to mitigate flood hazards in specific watersheds of Maricopa County.
Area of Jurisdiction: The portion of the County outside the corporate limits of any municipality.
Area of Municipal Influence: A categorization of land in Maricopa County that is comprised of all unincorporated land 
that falls within the current limits of either a Municipal Planning Area, within a County Island, or within an Improvement 
Association. Unincorporated land under this category can be determined to be in the Urban Growth Area or in the Rural 
Service Area.
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Area of Rural Influence: A categorization of land in Maricopa County that is comprised of all unincorporated land not in 
the Area of Municipal Influence.
Area Plan: A subcategory of Framework 2040, these are specific plans for particular areas or regions of Maricopa County..
Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR): State agency responsible for helping protect and ensure long-term, 
reliable water supplies.
Arizona Fire & Medical Authority (AFMA): A regional fire and emergency medical services organization that provides 
shared fire protection, emergency medical response, and related public safety services across three fire districts in 
unincorporated Maricopa County—North County Fire & Medical District, South County Fire & Medical District, and 
Buckeye Valley Fire District.
Arizona Revised Statutes (ARS): The state laws of Arizona.
Arizona State Land Department (ASLD): State agency responsible for managing State Trust lands within Arizona.
Arizona Water Banking Authority: A system where Colorado River water is stored primarily in underground aquifers for 
use in times of shortage.
Arterial Road: A major route that carries moderate to high levels of traffic regionally. Arterial roads are normally located 
at one-mile intervals.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): The capability of machines to mimic human cognitive functions enabling them to perform 
tasks requiring humanlike intelligence, often by processing vast amounts of data to find patterns, generate insights, or 
create new content.
Assured Water Supply (AWS): The program operating within Arizona’s seven Active Management Areas designed to 
preserve groundwater resources and promote long-term water supply planning through requiring proof of a 100‑year 
renewable water supply before residential subdivision approval.
Basic Sector: Businesses and industries that export most or all of their products or services, thus creating new incomes 
and new spending power in the economy of their country or region of origin.
Bureau of Land Management (BLM): Part of the U.S. Department of Interior, this is the federal agency responsible for 
sustaining the health, diversity, and productivity of America’s 245 million acres of public lands, and for managing public 
lands and public land resources for a variety of uses.
Capital Improvement Program: A five-year plan that identifies funding priorities for infrastructure and services needed 
to serve the public. 
 Appendix I: GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS 
233

Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District (CAGRD): A division of the Central Arizona Project created to 
help landowners and water providers within the Phoenix, Pinal, and Tucson AMAs comply with the state’s groundwater 
laws, primarily through replenishing groundwater that has been pumped by its members for them to meet the AWS 
requirements for development.
Central Arizona Project (CAP): Steward of central Arizona’s Colorado River water entitlement and delivery.
Certificate of Assured Water Supply (CAWS): Document issued by the Arizona Department of Water Resources which 
confirms that a water supply will be physically, legally and continuously available for the next 100 years for individual 
subdivisions or developments. 
Clean Air Act: Federal law first enacted in 1970 that authorizes the establishment of regulations limiting stationary and 
mobile sources of air pollution.
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG): A program from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 
which helps fund local community development activities.
Compliance Assurance (model): A system of methods used by the Maricopa County Air Quality Department to increase 
air quality compliance rates and remove incentives for non-compliance.
Comprehensive Plan Amendment: Changes to Maricopa County’s Comprehensive Plan or Area Plans.
County Island: Unincorporated area completely surrounded by one or more incorporated municipalities or Native 
American Community.
Data Center: A dedicated facility often necessitating robust electricity for power, cooling, and security infrastructure to 
house computer systems, servers, and networking equipment for storing, processing, and distributing large amounts of 
data for digital services like cloud computing, streaming, and artificial intelligence.
Density: A numerical average of the number of people or dwelling units per unit of land (e.g. a population density of 200 
people per square mile; a residential density of 4 houses per acre).
Designation of Assured Water Supply (DAWS): Document issued by the Arizona Department of Water Resources which 
confirms that a water supply will be physically, legally and continuously available for the next 100 years for municipal 
water providers (both municipalities and utilities).
Development Agreement: A contract between Maricopa County and a property owner or developer which establishes 
funding and operational responsibilities for infrastructure and services.
Development Master Plan: A long-range planning tool historically used to guide large-scale, master-planned communities 
or developments in unincorporated areas that establishes land use, infrastructure, and phasing strategies to ensure 
timed and orderly growth.
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Dust Abatement Program: A MCDOT-administered plan to reduce air pollution (from PM10) primarily by paving roads.
Emergency Response: Safety response from law enforcement, as well as fire and emergency medical services, to 
appropriate incidents or calls.
Entitlement: The right to develop and use land based on the established zoning district and, as applicable, plan for 
development.
Firebreak: An area of cleared or plowed land intended to stop the spread of a wildfire.
Floodway: The channel of a river or other watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to 
efficiently carry and discharge flood waters.
Framework (or Municipal-Rural Influence Framework): A planning model developed by Maricopa County that categorizes 
unincorporated land into either the Area of Municipal Influence or the Area of Rural Influence in order to facilitate the 
County’s processes for evaluating the feasibility of a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Zoning District Change.
General Plan: A plan that is similar to a comprehensive plan, but is prepared by and for cities and towns.
Greater Maricopa Foreign Trade Zone: A federally designated trade zone serving Western Maricopa County that provides 
businesses with customs and tax advantages to encourage international commerce.
Greater Phoenix Economic Council (GPEC): A public-private partnership group that works to attract quality businesses 
to the Greater Phoenix region from around the world, and that advocates for improving this region’s competitiveness.
Hazard Mitigation Plan: The plan that identifies natural hazards, assesses vulnerability and risks to people and structures, 
and identifies and implements strategies for mitigating the identified natural hazards.
High Noise or Accident Potential Zone (HNAPZ): Defined by state law, in Maricopa County this includes all areas within 
the noise contours and accident potential zones of Luke Air Force Base and the ancillary military facilities.
Highway User Revenue Fund (HURF): A fund consisting of fees and charges relating to the registration and operation 
of motor vehicles on Arizona highways which are distributed to cities, towns, counties and the State Highway Fund for 
highway construction, improvements and related expenses.
Hillside Development: Any development that occurs on land with a slope, or grade, of 15% or greater over a horizontal 
distance of 100 feet.
HOME Investment Partnership Program: The largest federal block grant program in the U.S. dedicated exclusively to 
creating affordable housing for low-income households. It is administered by the Department of Housing and Urban 
Development (HUD) and provides flexible funding to states and local governments. 
 Appendix I: GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS 
235

Improvement Association: A non-profit homeowners’ association to represent residents of a particular community 
within unincorporated Maricopa County in the management of common interests and coordination of infrastructure and 
neighborhood improvements.
Industrial Development Authority of Maricopa County (IDAMC): A political subdivision of Arizona whose mission is to 
create and maintain jobs within Maricopa County and to assist County residents through financing affordable single- and 
multi-family housing.
Industry Cluster: A geographic concentration of competing, collaborating and interdependent businesses, suppliers and 
associated institutions in a common industry sector that helps increase business productivity.
Land Subsidence: The gradual settling or sinking of the Earth’s surface due to natural processes or human activities, 
most often caused by groundwater withdrawal, mining, or soil compaction. 
Land Use Transition: A change in land use pattern to or from a more intense land use such as a commercial or industrial, 
from or to a less intense land use like residential.
Leapfrog Development: Growth that occurs well beyond existing development and which is separated by a substantial 
amount of vacant land.
Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG): An organization consisting of local governments that serves as a regional 
planning agency for the Phoenix metropolitan area, and that convenes to make policy decisions for transportation, air 
quality, water quality, and human services.
Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT): Maricopa County agency responsible for planning, designing, 
constructing, and maintaining roads in unincorporated areas.
Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance (MCZO): The primary set of land use regulations adopted by the Maricopa County 
Board of Supervisors. It establishes zoning districts, development standards, and administrative procedures to guide 
growth; protect public health, safety, and general welfare; and ensure orderly development across unincorporated areas 
of the County.
Master-Planned Community: A wholly and deliberately planned, relatively autonomous community consisting of 
residential, non-residential, recreational and public land uses.
Mixed-Use: A single building that contains more than one type of use, or a development that combines several different 
but complementary types of residential, commercial, civic and business uses on a single parcel or area.
Mobile Home: A home placed on a permanent chassis that is capable of being moved to the site it is to be located.
Multi-Family Residential: Development that consists of multiple and separate residential units that are contained within 
a single building or group of buildings on one lot or parcel. Such housing typically includes duplexes, condominiums, 
townhouses and apartment buildings. 
Multimodal (transportation): A combination of two or more methods of transporting people and goods. 
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Municipal Planning Area: Unincorporated area that has been identified by a particular municipality for potential 
annexation with the consent of a majority property owners.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): A requirement of the federal Clean Air Act, limits set by the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency with respect to specific air pollutants.
Non-Basic Sector: Businesses and industries that sell their products or services within a community, and thus, are 
dependent upon local economic conditions since existing money is recirculated locally.
Non-Potable (Water): Water that is not of drinking water quality but can be used for industrial production, irrigation, 
cooling towers, and other applications not involving human consumption.
Ozone: A colorless, odorless gas formed by reactions with pollutants and found most often in hot, stagnant weather.
Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station: Nuclear power plant in west-central Maricopa County that annually generates 
approximately 29,000 gigawatt hours of power.
Parcel: A legally recognized, continuous plot of land usually resulting from the division of a larger land area.
Particulate Matter: Air pollutants that vary in size and composition (solid or liquid droplets) and which originate from 
stationary sources like power plant and industrial processes, from mobile sources like diesel vehicles, and naturally from 
dust and soil.
Personal Property: Privately owned items that are movable and not affixed to land such as vehicles, watercraft, furniture, 
collectibles, etc.
Phasing Plan: A deliberate and incremental plan for development based on appropriate sequences and timeframes.
Public Improvement: Infrastructure or service financed by Maricopa County that is for the benefit or use by the general 
public.
Public Water System: Any water system with at least fifteen service connections, or any system that regularly serves an 
average of at least twenty-five people daily for at least sixty days a year.
Quality of Life: The social, economic, environmental and physical well-being that an area offers individuals.
Real Property: Buildings, structures, and anything else affixed to land that is not considered movable, including the land 
itself.
 Appendix I: GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS 
237

Renewable Energy: An unlimited source of energy that is naturally regenerated over a short time period, including 
sunlight, wind, rain, tides and waves and geothermal heat.
Renewable Water: Water from sources like rivers, streams and lakes that are continuously and frequently replenished.
Rural Development: Agriculture-related and residential land uses with a density of one dwelling unit or less per gross 
acre.
Rural Development Area: Any unincorporated land designated for rural land use in the Comprehensive Plan or in the 
respective County Area Plan. 
Rural Industrial Land Uses: Activities and facilities that are appropriate for rural or sparsely developed contexts due 
to their need for large land areas, operational characteristics, limited reliance on external urban services, or potential 
incompatibility with urban and suburban settings. Developments of this manner typically generate minimal demand 
for public infrastructure and are best situated where land availability and separation from residential or commercial 
development can be maintained. These uses could include, but are not limited to, electric generating and distribution 
facilities, proving grounds and test facilities, mining and extraction operations, and agriculturally-oriented businesses.
Rural Service Area: Any part of the unincorporated area that is both outside of an Area Plan and the Urban Growth 
Area characterized by low-density land use, limited infrastructure, and a strong emphasis on preserving open space, 
agricultural operations, and the rural lifestyle. 
Scalloped Streets: Roads with uneven and irregular widths.
Scenic Corridor: A designated area along key highways or roadways meant to preserve natural views, desert landscapes, 
and community character.
Single-family Residential: Development consisting of separate or free-standing residential dwellings individually 
intended for occupancy by just one household or family.
Special District: Government unit that is separate and independent from a general purpose government, like a municipality 
or county, that exists to provide a specific service not provided by a general purpose government. 
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO): A division of Arizona State Parks, it provides assistance in identifying, 
evaluating, protecting, and enhancing historic and archaeological properties that have significance for local communities, 
the State of Arizona, or the Nation. 
State Implementation Plan (SIP): Cumulative record of all air pollution strategies, state statutes, state rules and local 
ordinances implemented in accordance with the federal Clean Air Act by government agencies in Arizona.
Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP): The five-year planned roadway systems improvements for Maricopa County.
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Transportation System Plan (TSP): Maricopa County’s long-range plan for transportation.
Unincorporated: Areas not within a city or town.
Urban Development: Commercial and industrial land uses as well as residential land uses with a density greater than 
one dwelling unit per gross acre.
Urban Growth Area: Any unincorporated land designated for urban land use in the Comprehensive Plan, the respective 
County Area Plan, or an applicable municipal general plan if the requirements of the USUD strategy can be satisfied and 
timely assurance of annexation can be obtained. Unincorporated land designated for rural land use in the Comprehensive 
Plan or a County Area Plan could also be considered the Urban Growth Area if that land is designated for urban land use 
in an applicable municipal general plan, provided that the requirements of the USUD umbrella policy can be satisfied and 
an assurance of annexation can be obtained to avoid forming new County Islands.
Urban/Rural Interface Area: Areas where urban- and rural-type land uses are adjacent to or intermixed with one another
Urban Solutions for Urban Development (USUD): A Maricopa County planning strategy to evaluate new urban development 
predicated on clearly demonstrating that urban services and infrastructure are available to serve new residents and 
businesses. This evaluation is deemed vital in order to prevent the creation of new County Islands, create fiscally and 
environmentally efficient development, and to protect the public health, safety, and welfare.
Vehicle License Tax (VLT): A state tax charged in lieu of a personal property tax on vehicles.
“Wildcat” Lot Split: The unregulated division of one land parcel into five or fewer separate parcels. Collections of these 
“wildcat” lot splits, repeated in a large parcel or area, can lead to a de facto “wildcat” subdivision. “Wildcat” subdivisions 
are not subject to local subdivision regulations or related health and safety requirements.
Wildlife Corridor: A known area that connects fragmented habitats, allowing animals to move safely between them for 
feeding, breeding, and migration.
Workforce Development Division (WDD): A division of the Human Services Department providing comprehensive 
employment and training services to adult and youth job seekers, as well as support for employers across the County. 
Zoning District Boundary Change: A change to the boundary of a zoning district which results in property transferring 
from one zoning district to another.
 Appendix I: GLOSSARY OF DEFINED TERMS 
239

Appendix II: Acronyms
The following acronyms are intended to help readers and users of the Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan interpret 
and implement its content, policies, and recommendations. These acronyms are considered applicable only to this 
Comprehensive Plan and should not necessarily be used in any other capacity. Readers are encouraged to seek additional 
information on any of these concepts and terms if needed.
ADA – Americans with Disabilities Act
ADAWS – Alternative Designation of Assured Water Supply
ADEQ – Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
ADOT – Arizona Department of Transportation
ADWR – Arizona Department of Water Resources
AF – Acre-Feet
AFB – Air Force Base
AFMA – Arizona Fire & Medical Authority
AI – Artificial Intelligence
ALCP – Arterial Lifecyle Program
AMA – Active Management Area
APZ – Accident Potential Zone
ARS – Arizona Revised Statutes
ASLD – Arizona State Land Department
ATP – Active Transportation Plan
AWS – Assured Water Supply
AZGFD – Arizona Game and Fish Department
BESS – Battery Energy Storage System
BLM – Bureau of Land Management
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Board – Maricopa County Board of Supervisors
BOR – Bureau of Reclamation
CAGRD – Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District
CAP – Central Arizona Project
CAWS – Certificate of Assured Water Supply
CDBG – Census Designated Block Grant
Commission – Maricopa County Planning & Zoning Commission
CPA – Comprehensive Plan Amendment
CV – Connected Vehicles
CWPP – Community Wildlife Protection Plan
DAWS – Designation of Assured Water Supply
DMP – Development Master Plan
EOP – Emergency Operations Plan
FCD – Flood Control District
FEMA – Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHWA – Federal Highway Administration
Framework – Municipal-Rural Influence Framework
GMFTZ – Greater Maricopa Foreign Trade Zone
GPEC – Greater Phoenix Economic Council
HNAPZ – High Noise and Accident Potential Zone
HOME – HOME Investment Partnership Program
HUD – United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
HURF – Highway User Revenue Funding
 Appendix II: ACRONYMS
241

I-11 – Interstate 11
ICS – Incident Command System
IGA – Intergovernmental Agreement
INA – Irrigation Non-Expansion Area
ITS – Intelligent Transportation Systems
JPA – Joint Powers Authority
LOS – Level of Service
Loop 303 – State Route Loop 303
MAG – Maricopa Association of Governments
MC 85 – Maricopa County Road 85
MCAQD – Maricopa County Air Quality Department
MCDOT – Maricopa County Department of Transportation
MCESD – Maricopa County Environmental Services Department
MCIDA – Maricopa County Industrial Development Authority
MCPRD – Maricopa County Parks and Recreation Department
MCSO – Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
MCZO – Maricopa County Zoning Ordinance
MPA – Metropolitan Planning Area
NAAQS – National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NFA – Neighborhood Facilities Assessment
Plan – Framework 2040 Comprehensive Plan
PM2.5 – Fine Particulate Matter
PM10 – Coarse Particulate Matter
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PSA – Public Service Announcement
RAZ – Regional Analysis Zone
RDM – Roadway Design Manual
ROD – Record of Decision
SHPO – State Historical Preservation Office
SIP – State Implementation Program
SR 30 – State Route 30
TAC – Technical Advisory Committee
TIP – Transportation Improvement Plan
TSP – Transportation System Plan
U.S. – United States
USFS – United States Forest Service
USFWS – United States Fish and Wildlife Service
USUD – Urban Solutions for Urban Development
VLT – Vehicle Licensing Tax
WDD – Workforce Development Division
WIOA – Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act
WUI – Wildland-Urban Interface
 Appendix II: ACRONYMS
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Appendix III: Public Participation 
Program
County Initiated Planning
Purpose
Public participation is an important component of successful planning. Citizens need and deserve ongoing communication 
regarding projects and issues that affect their communities. Through these public participation guidelines, Maricopa 
County demonstrates its commitment to encouraging early and meaningful citizen input during creation and amendment 
of the Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan. Such participation will help Maricopa County resolve concerns early in the 
planning process, and promote goodwill between county officials, citizens, property owners, and other stakeholders.
Guiding Principles
The public participation program follows several principles that help ensure planning efforts identify and respond to 
public issues and concerns. These principles are:
	
„ A sound public involvement plan is critical to the success of any planning process. It must include techniques to share 
information and create lines of communication among interested parties.
	
„ Citizen participation must be a genuine effort to encourage public involvement in the decision-making process by 
providing public participation opportunities.
	
„ Information must be disseminated to a broad range of interested parties. This could be achieved through public notices, 
newsletters, flyers, telephone hotline, newspaper articles, the Internet, and/or other events. Participation opportunities 
should occur through public workshops, informational meetings, surveys, or other means.
	
„ An effective public involvement process must address issues that arise when planning recommendations do not 
adequately consider the concerns of the residents affected.
	
„ By hearing what the public expects and responding in the most effective, efficient way possible, an agency will gain 
respect and support for its decisions and their implementation.
Compliance with State Law
Arizona Revised Statutes §11-806D states that “The Board of Supervisors shall:
	
„ Adopt written procedures to provide effective, early, and continuous public participation in the development the 
Comprehensive Plan and any Major Amendment from all geographic, ethnic and economic areas of the County. The 
procedures shall provide for:
	ƒ The broad dissemination of proposals and alternatives
	ƒ The opportunity for written comments
	ƒ Public hearings after effective notice
	ƒ Open discussions, communication programs and information services
	ƒ Consideration of public comments
	
„ Consult and advise with public officials and agencies, municipalities, school districts, associations of governments, 
public land management agencies, other appropriate government jurisdictions, public utility companies, civic, 
educational, professional and other organizations property owners and citizens generally to secure the maximum 
coordination of plans and to indicate properly located sites for all public purposes on the plan.”
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Roles and Responsibilities
Maricopa County officials and staff shall be responsible for administering the public participation program. Ongoing 
duties will include, but not be limited to, the following:
	
„ Assist with preparation of public hearings before the Planning & Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors.
	
„ Organize and oversee public meetings, focus groups, workshops, and other communication networks.
	
„ Organize and support planning advisory committees.
	
„ Develop and maintain a dedicated email address and website to disseminate information and receive public 
comments.
	
„ Assist with preparation and dissemination of press releases, public service announcements,and advertisements.
	
„ Prepare and disseminate planning information articles for business, civic, homeowners’ association, and other 
group newsletters and publications.
Process
The public participation process for county-initiated efforts to adopt, amend, or 
otherwise revise the Comprehensive Plan shall consist of several stages.
Stage 1: Notification and Education
This stage will introduce Comprehensive and Area Plan updates to the public and 
explain what specific activities the County will undertake. Maricopa County will 
also explain to citizens the planning process, as well as how they can participate.
Stage 2: Participation and Input
Stage 2 represents the period when significant citizen participation takes place. 
Most of the techniques discussed in the Public Participation Methods section 
will be used in Stage 2 to obtain meaningful and significant public input in a plan 
update process. Although Stage 2 is designed to receive and assemble citizen 
questions, comments, and suggestions, Maricopa County will continue with 
Stage 1 efforts to notify citizens about opportunities for participation.
Stage 3: Public Hearing Notification
Notification of efforts to adopt, amend, or otherwise change land use plans will 
be published at least 15 days prior to the scheduled public hearing. Requests will 
be published in a newspaper of general circulation in accordance with state law.
Stage 4: Public Hearing
Stage 4 represents the process when public hearings are held. Legally required 
public hearings before the Maricopa County Planning & Zoning Commission 
and the Board of Supervisors are held on a routine basis. These public hearings 
give residents an opportunity to publicly express opinions and ideas regarding 
county-initiated plan updates. Formal notification of public hearings is provided 
according to applicable state and County regulations.
Stage 5: Plan Implementation & Summary Report
Figure 21.  Public 
Participation Process: 
County Initiated-Planning
 Appendix III: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAM
245

Public Participation Methods
Maricopa County can use many techniques to ensure the broadest possible 
public participation. However, the effectiveness of each of these techniques is 
determined, in part, by the unique circumstances of specific planning efforts. While 
not all methods may be practical or feasible for each project, Maricopa County will 
use as many as possible to encourage significant participation and to ensure that 
the guiding principles of this program are maintained.
Although this list identifies many of the options that Maricopa County can use 
to ensure program success, there may be others that, when feasible, might be 
appropriate.
Press Releases and Public Service Announcements (PSA):
Notifications regarding proposed projects will be sent to newspapers and other 
media with general circulation in the subject areas. Press releases and PSAs 
will describe proposed projects and how citizens can participate in the planning 
process. Planning Department staff, with the assistance of Maricopa County 
Communications Office, shall prepare and distribute press releases and PSAs 
during each stage.
Maricopa County Webpage or Dedicated Plan Webpage:
Maricopa County currently has a web page that is frequently updated with 
important information. The Planning and Development Department will publish 
and update information regarding county-initiated planning efforts on its website 
or a dedicated plan website. This information will describe proposed projects, 
identify important dates in the process, and explain how citizens can participate 
in the input process.
Email:
For those interested in receiving information via email, Maricopa County will develop 
and maintain a database of email addresses to which planning information will 
be distributed. However, only those individuals and groups specifically requesting 
information by email will be added to the database. In addition, the Planning and 
Development Department will establish and maintain a dedicated email address in 
order to receive citizen comments and recommendations.
Public Meetings:
To provide opportunities for open dialogue, Maricopa County will organize 
and participate in public meetings. Public meetings, which can occur as open 
houses, workshops, and focus groups, are widely recognized as an important and 
effective method of community outreach because they give citizens an informal 
opportunity to ask questions of county staff, as well as provide recommendations 
and suggestions regarding plan updates. Public meetings also promote goodwill 
between citizens and Maricopa County.
All public meetings will be organized and managed by County staff. When feasible, 
elected and appointed officials should attend and participate in a leadership 
capacity. Also where feasible, a multimedia approach will be used to further clarify 
information and promote greater participation. Depending on meeting format, 
advanced notification can be provided through both print media and direct mailing 
to potential stakeholders.
In keeping with historic County policy, alternative format materials, sign language 
interpreter, and infrared listening devices can be provided with a minimum 72-hour 
advance notice.
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Surveys:
Surveys can be very effective at gathering citizen comments and opinions regarding specific issues. When feasible, 
County staff will produce and mail, email, or fax surveys to potentially affected stakeholders. County staff will also 
distribute surveys at public meetings. On all surveys, Maricopa County will provide a return mailing address, email 
address, web site address, and telephone and fax numbers.
Newsletters & EBlasts:
Newsletters will allow county staff to share progress on planning projects, as well as provide a forum for citizens to 
express opinions. Articles regarding significant planning issues will also be submitted to community, business, and 
trade organization newsletters as a way to increase information dissemination.
Advisory Committees:
For large-scale planning efforts, Maricopa County will use advisory committees. Committee participants become 
directly involved in the planning process by agreeing to meet frequently to carefully review documents and provide 
recommendations. Such committees will consist of potential stakeholders that have an interest in the affected areas. 
Advisory committees will vary in size depending on the specific project, but will generally not exceed 15 members. 
Maricopa County staff will provide administrative support to committees, and committee membership will be based 
upon recommendations from the Planning & Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors (or staff thereof).
Public Hearings (Planning & Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors):
As required by state law, the Maricopa County Planning & Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors periodically 
hold public hearings regarding planning issues. Planning & Zoning Commission hearings are held in accordance with 
a published schedule typically on the first and third Thursday of each month.  Board of Supervisors hearings are held 
in accordance with an adopted and published schedule typically on the first and third Wednesday of each month. 
Citizens are encouraged to attend and express their opinions in a formal setting.
Applicant Initiated Comprehensive Plan 
Amendments (including Development Master Plan 
Amendments)
Purpose
Public participation is an important component of successful planning. Citizens need and deserve ongoing 
communication regarding projects and issues that affect their communities. Through these adopted public 
participation guidelines, Maricopa County demonstrates its commitment to ensuring that applicants pursue early and 
meaningful citizen input in applications for a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Development Master Plan. Such 
participation will help an applicant resolve concerns early in the process, and promote goodwill between the applicant, 
county officials, citizens, property owners, and other stakeholders. While these guidelines establish a formal process 
for citizen participation, applicants are by no means precluded from incorporating additional elements into their public 
participation program.
Public involvement might increase the time and cost of the planning process, but it can yield greater returns since the 
outcome will be based on the expressed needs of the public it serves. While the citizen participation program may not 
produce complete consensus regarding specific applications, it will encourage applicants to make sound investment 
and planning decisions by listening to and, where feasible, addressing the concerns of their neighbors.
 Appendix III: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAM
247

Guiding Principles
The public participation program follows several principles that help ensure 
planning efforts obtain sufficient public input and support. These principles 
are:
	
„ A sound public involvement plan is critical to the success of any planning 
process. It must include techniques to share information and create lines 
of communication between interested parties.
	
„ Citizen participation must be a genuine effort to encourage public 
involvement in the decision-making process by providing public 
participation opportunities.
	
„ Information must be disseminated to a broad range of stakeholders. This 
could be achieved through public notices, newsletters, flyers, telephone 
hotline, newspaper articles, the Internet, and/or other events. Participation 
opportunities should occur through public workshops, informational 
meetings, surveys, or other means.
	
„ An effective public involvement process must address issues that arise 
when planning recommendations do not adequately consider the concerns 
of the residents affected.
	
„ By hearing what the public expects and responding in the most effective, 
efficient way possible, an applicant will be respected and supported for 
their decisions.
Process
The public participation process for applicant-initiated Comprehensive Plan 
Amendments shall consist of several stages. At a minimum, the public 
participation program must provide the following information:
	
„ A description of the community involvement area.
	
„ A list of stakeholders that may be affected by the application. While 
individual circumstances will vary, stakeholders include residents, property 
owners, homeowners’ associations, and any others identified within an 
area agreed upon by the applicant and the Planning and Development 
Department. The applicant should also include a description of how 
and when the identified stakeholders will be notified that an application 
for a Comprehensive Plan Amendment or a Development Master Plan 
Amendment has been submitted (proof of notification must be included 
with the formal application).
	
„ A description of how the applicant will make information available to 
interested parties, prior to public hearings.
	
„ A description of how the applicant will identify stakeholder’s issues and 
concerns.
	
„ A description of how the applicant will respond to stakeholder’s feedback 
and recommendations.
	
„ A discussion of how the applicant will keep the Maricopa County Planning 
and Development Department informed of public participation program 
progress.
	
„ A timeline for the citizen participation program.
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Stage 1: Pre-Application Meeting
Prior to submitting a formal application, an applicant is required to participate in a pre-application meeting with 
Planning and Development Department staff. Pre-application meetings allow applicants to become familiar with the 
planning process, and also enable the applicant to obtain guidance with the requirements of the public participation 
program.
Stage 2: Official Application
Along with the official application for a Comprehensive Plan Amendment, the applicant must submit an official copy 
of the public participation plan. Official copies must be submitted in an electronic format. In the public participation 
plan, the applicant must present evidence that the identified stakeholders have been notified of the application. The 
applicant will maintain a database of the stakeholders and a log of notifications to stakeholders. 
Additionally, a notice of application shall be sent by the applicant to each real property owner as shown on the last 
assessment of the property within 300’ of the proposed Comprehensive Plan Amendment.
Stage 3: Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Meeting
In accordance with an established timeline, staff will schedule the application for review by TAC and notify the applicant 
of the actual date and time that the TAC meeting will take place. In addition to reviewing the application, the applicant 
may also be asked to provide a verbal report concerning the progress of the public participation plan.
Stage 4: Submit Public Participation Program Results
Prior to Maricopa County providing official notice of public hearing, the applicant must submit a written report which 
details the results of the public participation program. This report shall include at least the following information:
RECORD OF APPLICANT ACTIVITIES
	
„ The dates, times, and/or locations of:
	ƒ All meetings the applicant initiated with stakeholders.
	ƒ Other contacts with affected stakeholders.
	
„ Description of the approximate number of people that participated in the public participation process, and where 
they are located in relation to the subject property.
	
„ Discussion of the results of the public participation process. This discussion should include information about the 
major issues and concerns identified by stakeholders, how the applicant will address the concerns or issues raised 
by affected stakeholders, and what concerns or issues the applicant cannot or will not address and why.
	
„ Appendix of information, including mailings, fliers, newsletters, handouts, and other pertinent materials that help 
describe the public participation program.
Stage 5: Public Hearing Notification
For a major Comprehensive Plan Amendment application, the applicant will post notification of an application at the 
subject property via signs within 30 days of application and post hearing dates on existing application notification 
signs at the subject property in accordance with staff posting deadlines and at least 15 days prior to the scheduled 
public hearing. A minimum of two posters is required on the subject property, with at least one notice for each quarter 
mile of frontage along the perimeter public right-of-way. An assigned planner may alter the location of required sign 
posting and/or reduce the number of required signs if the purpose is to ensure effective public participation and 
awareness.  The number of signs may be reduced, if, in the assigned planner’s opinion, such signs will have little to 
no benefit to the outreach process. The property shall be posted with at least two signs, the size of which shall be 
consistent with Staff’s current sign size requirements (at least 6 square feet in area) and included in the application 
packet. The signs shall be designed to accommodate the posting for the required public hearings of both the Planning 
& Zoning Commission and the Board of Supervisors. 
 Appendix III: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAM
249

The applicant shall notify all of the stakeholders identified in the public participation program of the public hearings by 
first-class mail. Additionally, a notice of hearing shall be sent by the applicant to each real property owner as shown on 
the last assessment of the property within 300’ of the proposed Comprehensive Plan Amendment.
Requests for Comprehensive Plan Amendments will be published 15 days prior to the scheduled public hearing. 
Requests will be published in a newspaper of general circulation in accordance with state law. In addition, the Planning 
and Development Department retains the right to use supplemental meetings, such as neighborhood meetings or 
open houses, for projects as deemed necessary.
Stage 6: Public Hearing
Pursuant to state law, public hearings before the County Planning & Zoning Commission and the Board of Supervisors 
are held on a routine basis. These public hearings give residents an opportunity to formally express opinions 
regarding a Comprehensive Plan Amendment application or a Development Master Plan Amendment application. 
Formal notification of these public hearings is provided according to the guidelines noted in Stage 5: Public Hearing 
Notification.
Planning & Zoning Commission hearings are held in accordance with a published schedule typically on the first 
and third Thursday of every month. The Board of Supervisors hearings are held in accordance with an adopted and 
published schedule typically on the first and third Wednesday of every month. Public hearings before the Planning & 
Zoning Commission and Board of Supervisors are required for every Comprehensive Plan Amendment application.
Figure 22.  Public Participation Process: Comprehensive Plan Amendments & 
Development Master Plan Amendments
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Contact Agency
If any applicant or resident has questions concerning this program, they are 
requested to contact Maricopa County at the following address:
Maricopa County Planning and Development Department  
301 W. Jefferson St., Suite 170 
Phoenix, AZ 85003 
Telephone: (602) 506-3301
 Appendix III: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAM
251