Supplement C - Bicycle Facility & Urban Trail Design Guidelines_Final_12.18.25
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BICYCLE FACILITY DESIGN GUIDELINES2025 2 INTRODUCTION Overview Providing bicycle facilities designed to feel safe and comfortable for all ages and abilities is essential to creating a bike-friendly community. Many factors should be considered when selecting an appropriate bicycle facility, such as motor vehicle speeds, traffic volumes, and number of lanes, as well as right-of-way constraints, on- street parking, and proximity to public transit, schools, parks, and other key destinations. This document is intended to provide a high-level introduction to bicycle facility planning and contains an overview of four main bicycle facility classifications: » Shared Lane » Bicycle Lane » Separated Bicycle Lane » Shared Use Path Guidelines are based on a review of relevant industry standards and best practices. While this document may provide a foundation for bicycle facility planning, it is essential to consult with a professional before design and construction. Guidance & Supporting Resources In addition to the guidelines provided in this document, the following resources may be consulted when planning, designing, and constructing bicycle facilities. » Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards for Accessible Design » Americans with Disabilities Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) » Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) Standards » American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities » American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide » National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Bikeway Design Guide » Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths » Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) Shared Lane Bicycle Lane Separated bicycle lane Shared use path Shared lanes and bicycle boulevards do not provide a dedicated space for bicyclists and instead direct bicyclists and motorists to share the road. Because of this, shared lanes and bicycle boulevards are only appropriate on low speed, low volume roadways. These roadways can be upgraded from shared lanes to bicycle boulevards through the installation of signage and pavement markings, volume management strategies such as diverters, and traffic calming measures such as speed humps, radar feedback signs, and neighborhood traffic circles. SHARED LANE / BICYCLE BOULEVARD DESIGN GUIDELINES Siting: Shared lanes should only be implemented on streets with very low traffic volumes and travel speeds. Shared lanes should not be considered on roadways with average daily traffic volumes greater than 3,000 and speeds over 25 miles per hour, unless traffic volume and calming strategies are also proposed and to achieve these thresholds. Configuration: Shared lanes are typically installed in the same direction of vehicle travel. Contraflow lanes may be considered on one-way streets to facilitate connectivity along a bicycle route. Pavement Markings: SHARED-LANE pavement mark ings (also called sharrows) indicate the roadway is a shared lane. » SHARED-LANE markings should be provided immediately after an intersection and at regular intervals (every 100 to 250 feet) along the route. Markings may be placed more frequently to help bicyclists navigate a turn or shift within the roadway. » Along block faces without on-street parking, place SHARED-LANE markings at least four feet from the curb. » Along block faces with on-street parking, place SHARED-LANE markings 12 to 14 feet from the curb to encourage riders to avoid the open doors of parked cars. Signage: Standard BIKE ROUTE (MUTCD D11-1) signs, custom bike route signs, or wayfinding signs are used alongside shared lane markings to help identify the route, guide users through jogs or other non-intuitive connections, brand the bike network, and provide information about intersecting bikeways and nearby destinations. BICYCLES ALLOWED USE OF FULL LANE (R9-20) signs may be used as supplemental signs. Bicycle Boulevards: Shared lanes can be made safer and more comfortable for all road users through the addition of traffic calming and volume management measures, such as traffic diverters, speed humps, speed feedback signs, neighborhood traffic circles, chicanes, and more. GUIDELINES AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide Bicycle Facility Design Guidelines | 2025 3 Bicycle lanes are one-way on-street facilities that dedicate right-of-way to bicyclists within the roadway using a combination of pavement markings and signs. Bicycle lanes should include buffer space whenever feasible to provide greater separation between bicyclists and motor vehicles. BICYCLE LANE DESIGN GUIDELINES Siting: Bicycle lanes should be provided on streets with moderate traffic volumes and relatively low travel speeds. Separated bicycle lanes with vertical separation should be considered on roadways with average daily traffic volumes greater than 6,000 and speeds over 25 miles per hour. Configuration: » Bicycle lanes are typically installed in the same direction of vehicle travel. » Bicycle lanes are almost always installed on the right side of the road, but can be installed on the left side in rare cases along one-way streets. Width: Bicycle lanes range from four to seven feet wide, with six feet being the preferred width. The width should not exceed eight feet to avoid confusion for a vehicle travel lane. The width of the bicycle lane should not include the gutter pan. Pavement Markings: » Bicycle lane symbols or BIKE LANE word markings should be installed at the beginning of a bicycle lane, after major driveways and intersections, and at least every 500 feet along the bicycle lane. » Green surface treatments may also be used to increase the visibility of the bicycle lane approaching or departing intersections and driveways. In these locations, apply green surfacing for 20 to 50 feet. Buffered Bicycle Lanes: Where space permits, an additional painted buffer zone should be placed adjacent to bicycle lanes to provide additional separation from motor vehicles. » Buffers can be installed between the bicycle lane and vehicle travel lane and/or between the bicycle lane and parking lane. » Buffers typically range from two to three feet wide. » Diagonal cross hatching at 45 degree angles should be provided within the buffer spaced 10 to 40 feet apart. GUIDELINES AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide 4 DESIGN GUIDELINES Siting: Separated bicycle lanes are the most appropriate on-street bicycle facility for streets with high curbside demand, speeds of more than 25 miles per hour, multiple adjacent travel lanes, or average daily traffic volumes above 6,000 vehicles per day. Configuration: Separated bicycle lanes always include both a bicycle lane and a vertical buffer to the street. Separated bicycle lanes can be one or two-way facilities. » Two-way separated bicycle lanes are typically installed on stretches of roadway with few driveways or intersections. Two-way separated bicycle lanes should have a solid yellow line to separate the two directions of travel. Width: Separated bicycle lanes should be wide enough to accommodate comfortable side-by-side riding, platooning, or passing using the bicycle lane and a portion of the buffer. » One-way separated bicycle lanes typically range from eight to 14 feet, with the bicycle lanes ranging from six to nine feet and the buffers ranging from two to five feet. » Two-way separated bicycle lanes typically range from 12 to 18 feet, with the bicycle lanes ranging from 10 to 13 feet and the buffers ranging from two to five feet. » Parking-protected bike lanes must have a buffer of at least three feet wide to accommodate the full swing of a car door. Separated bicycle lanes, also known as protected bicycle lanes or cycle tracks, are on-street bicycle facilities with horizontal and vertical separation from vehicles. Vertical separation, such as flexible posts, landscaping, and parked vehicles is used to improve the comfort and safety of bicyclists. The installation of separated bicycle lanes have been shown to reduce bicycle-vehicle crashes and increase bicycle ridership. SEPARATED BICYCLE LANE Vertical Separation: Separated bicycle lanes must include a vertical element to separate bicyclists and vehicles. Vertical elements may include, but are not limited to flexible delineators, constructed medians, and on-street parking. When parking vehicles are used as vertical separation, the facility is commonly referred to as a parking-protected bicycle lane. Pavement Markings: » Bicycle lane symbols or BIKE LANE word markings should be installed at the beginning of a bicycle lane, after major driveways and intersections, and at least every 500 feet along the bicycle lane. » Green surface treatments may also be used to increase the visibility of the bicycle lane approaching or departing intersections and driveways. In these locations, apply green surfacing for 20 to 50 feet. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS » Maintenance of separated bicycle lanes is extremely important since bicyclists have limited options for entering and exiting the bikeway. City should consider a specialized street sweeper narrow enough to enter the facility to properly clean and maintain it. GUIDELINES AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide Bicycle Facility Design Guidelines | 2025 5 Shared use paths, also known as multi-use paths, are two-way off-street facilities dedicated to non-motorized users. Shared use paths are designed for and used by pedestrians, bicyclists, and people using other mobility devices, including wheelchairs, skateboards, scooters, and roller skates. SHARED USE PATH (PAVED) DESIGN GUIDELINES Siting: Shared use paths are typically installed along roadways, bodies of water, utility rights-of-way, abandoned railroad rights-of-way, as well as within schools, parks, or planned developments. » Avoid placing paths immediately adjacent to roadways where path users are more exposed to noise and particulate matter, and where it may be difficult to exit the facility safely. » Personal safety concerns should also be addressed when placing paths within parks and along waterways. All paths must be well-lit. Configuration: Shared use paths should accommodate two-way travel. Path entrances should be designed to prevent entry from vehicles. Width: Shared use paths typically range from 10 to 20 feet wide. However, in constrained areas or areas with low bicycle volumes, paths may be as narrow as eight feet. » Additionally, a lateral clearance of at least two feet is necessary for each side of a path. The clearance area should be flush or nearly flush with the path and free of obstructions. In constrained conditions, these elements may be a minimum of one foot from the path. Surface: Path surfaces should be hard and are typically comprised of asphalt or cement concrete. Since bicycles are easily deflected by surface irregularities, care must be taken to maintain a smooth surface and to avoid longitudinal gaps. Pavement Markings: Striping or other surface markings must be non-skid paint, emulsified plastic, or tape designed to prevent slipping. » Symbols can be placed in both directions along paths to help improve awareness of directionality for all or certain users. Symbols should be placed at the entrance to paths and on the far side of crossings. » Yellow centerline striping is optional on paths. Use centerlines where visibility is limited, such as around a curve or where the grade exceeds 5 percent. » White edge lines are also optional. These should be used to demarcate areas where a hazard exists. Adjacent Trail/Sidepath: Where space permits along corridors with high bicycle and pedestrian volumes, consider adding an unpaved trail adjacent to paved shared use paths. An adjacent trail, also known as a sidepath, can alleviate bicycle-pedestrian traffic and provide runners and equestrians with a soft surface option. GUIDELINES AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide 6 Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 1 URBAN TRAIL DESIGN GUIDELINES2025 2 INTRODUCTION Overview Trail design is highly variable due to the site-specific nature of local topography, soils, weather, hydrology, user types, and other factors. Creating an urban trail system will require decisions regarding trail and path design features and amenities, such as trailheads, vista points, surface treatments, plant material, bridges, fencing, signage, and more. This document is intended to provide a high-level introduction to urban trail planning and design. Guidelines are based on a review of relevant industry standards and best practices. While this document may help initiate the trail planning process, it is essential to consult with a professional before designing and constructing a trail or path. OBJECTIVES This document can be used to achieve the following objectives: » Provide safe and accessible non-motorized transportation and recreational opportunities » Provide access to nature, schools, parks, and other community destinations » Complement the surrounding landscape and minimize impacts on the natural environment » Require minimal levels of maintenance Document Organization The document is organized into five overarching sections. Each section provides descriptions, design guidelines, and other considerations for typical components of an urban trail system. 1. Trail Types 2. Trail Structure 3. Trail Access 4. Trail Signage 5. Trail Amenities Guidance & Supporting Resources In addition to the guidelines provided in this document, the following resources may be consulted when planning, designing, and constructing trails. » American Trails Trail Hubs » Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards for Accessible Design » Americans with Disabilities Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) » Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) Standards » American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities » American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Roadside Design Guide » California State Parks Trail Bridge Design and Construction » National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Bikeway Design Guide » Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths » Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) » Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox » Rails to Trails Conservancy Resource Library » U.S. Forest Service Trails Accessibility Guidelines Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 3 Trail Types Trail types were developed to characterize four common trail scenarios within an urban trail system. ! Trail Type 1: Nature Trail ! Trail Type 2: Utility Corridor ! Trail Type 3: Shared Use Trail (Unpaved) ! Trail Type 4: Shared Use Path (Paved) Each trail type contains design guidelines for width, surface, ADA accessibility, amenities, and other considerations. Guidelines are can be used to enhance the trail experience, promote safety, reduce maintenance needs, and limit environmental impacts. 4 TRAIL TYPE 1: NATURE TRAIL DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Width: Nature trails typically range from two to four feet wide. The need to accommodate side-by-side walking is not a priority. The width for two hikers passing can be as little as two feet in a natural setting. ! Surface: Trail surfaces are typically soft and should be surfaced with local naturally occurring materials, such as a mix of soil and fine to coarsely broken rock. ! ADA Accessibility: In many cases, nature trails do not meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards. Nature trails are typically designed to blend with natural features and minimize impacts to the environment. As a result, trail slope and surfaces can present barriers to people with limited mobility or physical disabilities. ! Amenities: Amenities vary and may include trailhead kiosks, trash and recycling receptacles, directional signage, interpretive signage, seating, public art, pet waste stations, and more. ! Nature Integration: To limit the impacts of nature trails on sensitive or protected habitats, the width, horizontal, and vertical changes along a trail can be more abrupt than other trail types. By providing flexibility in layout, natural habitats can be avoided or impacted to the least degree possible. Nature trails are typically located in an open space setting and surfaced with local naturally occurring materials. Nature trails are often designed to decrease disturbance to the surrounding environment. As a result, these trails may contain abrupt changes to trail width, slope, and surface and may present barriers to those with mobility limitations or physical disabilities. ! Fencing: Trails should be kept to a minimum width and without railings or fences (unless next to sensitive habitats) to maximize the trail user experience and limit disturbance to natural habitats. Fencing, where necessary to protect sensitive habitat or restoration areas, should be consistent with applicable preserve management plans, visually unobtrusive, and allow for wildlife movement. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Abrupt elevation changes, path obstructions, and trip hazards should be expected by trail users. ! To minimize impacts to nocturnal wildlife, lighting along nature trails is not recommended. ! Regular road bicycles or commute/hybrid bicycles may have difficulty riding on nature trails due to the soft surfaces and variable slope width. GUIDANCE American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox & Resource Library Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 5 TRAIL TYPE 2: UTILITY CORRIDOR DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Width: Trails along utility corridors vary in width and typically range from eight to fourteen feet. ! Surface: Trail surfaces vary and may be soft or firm. Where possible, locally sourced crushed rock should be used for wide dirt trails/utility roadbeds to decrease environmental impact. ! ADA Accessibility: Typically, these trails do not meet ADA accessibility standards due to road steepness or surface treatments associated with the corridor’s primary purpose. ! Amenities: Trails are not likely to include certain amenities, such as restrooms or formal parking areas, since they are joint-use access roads and are subservient to the primary utility access function and requirements. However, they may include minimal amenities such as signage and trash receptacles. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! The loose nature of gravel or dirt surfaces makes this trail type less desirable for wheelchairs, strollers, or medium to thin tired bicycles. ! Utility corridor trails may also serve as a firebreak when located in native canopy hillsides, valleys, or canyons. ! Trails can be steep with wide radius turns to accommodate terrain features and maintenance vehicles. GUIDANCE American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox & Resource Library Utility corridors, such as those that run under powerlines or along flood control channels, are often seen as “low-hanging fruit” for new trail opportunities because they already exist and are typically long, linear, off-street pathways. While the primary purpose of utility corridors is to allow for maintenance or emergency access, when opened to the public, they can also provide important recreation and active transportation corridors for the community. Utility corridors are typically existing unpaved roads with a surface of crushed rock, dirt, or asphalt. 6 TRAIL TYPE 3: SHARED USE TRAIL (UNPAVED) DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Width: Unpaved shared use trails typically range from six to twelve feet wide. Trails should be wide enough to accommodate multiple users walking together or traveling in opposite directions, as well as safe passing for bicyclists. ! Surface: Trail surfaces should be permeable, yet firm and constructed of either heavily compacted native soil (with only a small percentage of sand or clay), compacted decomposed granite, crushed compacted stone or chipped stone, stabilized decomposed granite (stabilizers or emulsifiers are additives that bind the soil particles of decomposed granite), or a cement added to the soil mix. The surface should be easy to maneuver for people with a wheelchair, stroller, or medium-tired bicycle. ! ADA Accessibility: Where possible, new trails should be constructed to meet the width, vertical slope, and surface treatment standards for ADA accessibility. ! Amenities: Amenities will vary and may include trail head kiosks, seating, trash and recycling receptacles, signage, interpretive signage, landscaping, public art, pet waste stations, viewpoints, or other amenities. ! Additional Features: Pedestrian-scale lighting and fencing may be incorporated. Shared use trails are unpaved off-street facilities that can accommodate a wide range of trail users and can be located in open space areas, as well as adjacent to waterways, parks, golf courses, roadways, housing, and more. A shared use trail is intended to be a firm surface trail that to the greatest extent possible, meets the requirements for ADA compliance. Shared use trails are typically constructed of a compacted chipped stone or decomposed granite so someone with a wheelchair, stroller, or medium-tired bicycle can maneuver easily. GUIDANCE AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox & Resource Library Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 7 TRAIL TYPE 4: SHARED USE PATH (PAVED) DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Width: Shared use paths typically range from ten to twenty feet wide. However, in constrained areas or areas with low bicycle volumes, paths may be as narrow as eight feet. ! Surface: Path surfaces should be hard. Surfaces are typically comprised of asphalt or cement concrete. Although more expensive than standard asphalt or concrete, colored and permeable pavement types are useful for their aesthetic appeal, long wear patterns, and ability to infiltrate stormwater runoff (permeable surface types only). ! ADA Accessibility: New trails should be constructed to meet the width, vertical slope, and surface treatment standards for ADA accessibility. ! Level Changes: Vertical level changes should not be incorporated in new construction. If unavoidable, small level changes up to a quarter inch may remain vertical without edge treatment. Level changes, such as curbs exceeding one-half inch, should be ramped or removed. ! Amenities: Amenities tend to be more abundant and may include parking, restrooms, interpretive and directional signage, seating, public art, landscaping, trash and recycling receptacles, drinking fountains, pet waste stations, lighting, and more. Shared use paths, also known as multi-use paths, are paved off-street facilities that offer the highest comfort for pedestrians, bicyclists, and other non-motorized users. Paved shared use paths are physically separated from vehicular traffic and designed to accommodate multiple user types. This trail type offers the safest option for transportation and recreation as its design minimizes interactions with vehicular traffic. ! Additional Features: A centerline and directional arrows should be used to facilitate safe use between different users traveling at different speeds. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Adjacent Trail/Sidepath: Where space permits along corridors with high bicycle and pedestrian volumes, consider adding an unpaved trail adjacent to paved shared use paths. An adjacent trail, also known as a sidepath, can alleviate bicycle-pedestrian traffic and provide runners and equestrians with a soft surface option. ! Bicycle Safety Precautions: Since bicycles are easily deflected by surface irregularities, care must be taken to maintain a smooth surface and to avoid longitudinal gaps. Surface markings must be non- skid paint, emulsified plastic, or tape designed for that purpose. ! Maintenance: A regular sweeping plan may be helpful, especially in areas where debris from stormwater may accumulate, such as dipping down to pass under a bridge. GUIDANCE AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, American Trails Trail Hub, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox 8 Trail Structure Trail structure affects accessibility, drainage, erosion, and maintenance. Selecting and maintaining trail surfaces will dictate who can use a trail. Trails can range from soft, firm, and hard surfaces and can be comprised of a wide variety of materials. This section provides guidelines and considerations for trail surfaces and structure, including: ! Surfaces ! Grade ! Cross Slope ! Openings Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 9 TRAIL SURFACES Trail surfaces determine a trail’s accessibility, performance, maintenance, aesthetics, and longevity. Trail surface firmness, stability, and slip resistance affect all users, but are particularly important for people using mobility aid devices such as canes, crutches, wheelchairs, or walkers. For example, soft surfaced trails with loose aggregates, which are typical along nature trails and utility corridors, are unusable by skateboarders and roller skaters. Loose aggregates also affect certain types of bicycles and users with strollers, scooters, and wheelchairs. Paved surfaces, such as those used for paved shared use paths, accommodate all user types and meet ADA requirements. Surface Conditions Trail surface conditions determine how easily a person with a disability can travel along a trail. The accessibility of a trail surface is determined by a variety of factors including: » Surface Material: Surface material, such as uncompacted soil, loose gravel, and asphalt, affects which user groups will be capable of using certain trail types. » Surface Firmness: Surface firmness refers to how a surface resists deformation by indentation when a person walks or wheels across it. A firm surface does not compress significantly under the forces of trail use. » Slip Resistance: Slip resistance is based on the frictional force necessary to permit a person to move across a surface without slipping. A slip- resistant surface does not allow a shoe, wheelchair tire, or a crutch tip to slip when crossing the surface. Paved shared use paths should have a firm and stable surface, such as asphalt or concrete, and be designed to be slip-resistant during both dry and wet weather conditions. Other trail materials, such as compacted crushed stone or decomposed granite, are also firm and stable under most conditions, but are sometimes too loose to be ADA-compliant. The addition of bonding agents or emulsifiers can address this issue and improve longevity. » Changes in Level: Level changes refer to vertical change between two adjacent surfaces and can include uneven transitions between bridges, walkways, cracks, or changes in natural ground level (often caused by tree roots or seismic activity). Abrupt level changes can create tripping hazards and pose barriers to accessibility for people who use mobility aid devices. Minimizing or eliminating abrupt level changes, where possible, will greatly improve trail safety for all users. 10 TRAIL SURFACES Surface Classifications Trail surfaces can be organized into three general classifications: soft, firm, and hard. Table 1-1 shows which trail surfaces are appropriate for each trail type. SOFT SURFACES Soft surfaces are typically comprised of local native soils with some additional material often added to improve compaction, traction, and erosion resistance. Trail surfaces can be loosely packed sand, gravel or uncompacted decomposed granite, or native soil. FIRM SURFACES Firm surfaces are typically comprised of compacted crushed stone or compacted decomposed granite. HARD SURFACES Hard surfaces are typically comprised of asphalt or cement concrete. Boardwalk surfaces can also be used when traveling through wetland areas. Trail Type Soft Surface Firm Surface Hard Surface Nature Trail Utility Corridor Shared Use Trail (Unpaved) Shared Use Path (Paved) Table 1-1: Recommended Trail Surfaces by Type Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 11 TRAIL STRUCTURE Grade Grade, also referred to as running slope, is the lengthwise slope of a trail, parallel to the direction of travel. Trails with steep grades can be difficult for people with mobility limitations or physical disabilities to traverse. Steep running grades without resting areas can make a trail less enjoyable and are particularly challenging for users with mobility impairments. However, even less gradual grades that extend over longer distances may tire users as much as shorter, steeper grades. When designing a trail to maximize enjoyment, it is important to consider the benefits of lengthening a trail to lower the average grade versus including short steep sections to get to a summit or vista. If a trail or path is designed to maximize accessibility, grades should be minimized to the extent possible, and resting intervals should be provided as needed. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! The ideal trail grade to maximize enjoyment and minimize challenging climbs is between zero to five percent. When grades must exceed five percent, the following grade ranges are recommended: » 0 - 5 percent grades are ideal. » For distances greater than 200 feet, an average running grade of 10 percent or less is acceptable. » For distances between 100 to 200 feet, an average running grade of 15 percent or less is acceptable. » For distances up to 100 feet, an average running grade of 20 percent or less is acceptable. » Nature trails may exceed 20 percent grade due to existing conditions or environmental constraints but for running grades of only brief distances. » Near the top and bottom of the maximum grade segments, the grade should gradually transition to less than five percent. » Sufficient switchbacks should be provided to avoid excessive grades. ! When designing a trail to maximize accessibility, the following grade ranges are required: » 0 - 5 percent grades are ideal for any distance. » For distances up to 200 feet, a 8.33 percent is permitted. » For distances up to 30 feet, a 10 percent grade is permitted. » For distances up to 10 feet, a 12.5 percent grade is permitted. » Where a trail goes into and out of a drain dip for distances up to five feet, a 14 percent grade is permitted where the cross slope does not exceed 10 percent. » Resting intervals, which are relatively level areas that provide an opportunity for people to stop and catch their breath, are required any time the running slope exceeds 8.33 percent. GUIDANCE ADA Design Standards, ABA Accessibility Standards, AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, American Trails Trail Hub, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox, U.S. Forest Service Trails Accessibility Guidelines 12 TRAIL STRUCTURE Cross Slope Cross slope is the side-to-side slope of a trail tread. Some cross slope is necessary to provide drainage and to keep water from ponding and damaging the trail surface, especially on unpaved or natural surfaces. Similar to grade, severe cross slope can make it difficult for wheelchair users to maintain lateral balance because they must constantly work against the force of gravity pulling them sideways, causing them to veer downhill. The impacts of cross slopes are compounded when combined with steep grades or unstable surfaces. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! For paved shared use paths, cross slope should not exceed two percent. ! For nature and unpaved trails, cross slope should not exceed five percent. GUIDANCE ADA Design Standards, ABA Accessibility Standards, AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, American Trails Trail Hub, NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox, U.S. Forest Service Trails Accessibility Guidelines Openings Trail openings are spaces or holes in a trail surface. On nature and unpaved trails, openings may occur naturally, such as a crack in a rock surface. However, on paved shared use trails, openings are usually constructed, such as trench gates, catch basins, or spaces between boardwalk planks to allow water to drain from the surface. Typically, structures will have latticed or parallel bars that prevent large objects from falling into openings, while permitting water and some sediment to pass through. Proper drainage design and placement are critical to trail safety as mobility aid devices, narrow bicycle tires, and roller skate and skateboard wheels can get caught in poorly placed grates or gaps, creating serious safety hazards. DESIGN GUIDELINES Openings, such as drainage grates, should be located outside the trail tread. If placing openings in the trail cannot be avoided, employ the following specifications: ! Openings must be small enough to prevent a sphere of more than ½ inch diameter cannot pass through. Where openings that do not permit the passage of a ½ inch sphere cannot be provided due to a condition for an exception, openings that do not permit passage of a ¾ inch sphere may be considered. ! Where possible, elongated openings, such as those on drainage grates, should be placed perpendicular, or as close to perpendicular as possible, to the dominant direction of travel. GUIDANCE ADA Design Standards, ABA Accessibility Standards, U.S. Forest Service Trails Accessibility Guidelines Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 13 Trail Access Trail access points can occur at various points along a trail and can include staging areas, trailheads, rest areas, turnouts, and vista points. Trail access points may be provided with various levels of amenities, depending on location, trail types, and need. This section provides design guidelines and considerations for the development of trail access points, including: ! Staging Areas ! Trailheads ! Rest Areas ! Turnouts and Vista Points 14 TRAILHEADS Trailheads are access points where pedestrians, bicyclists, and other non-motorized users can access the trail system. Trailheads may also function as rest and orientation points, especially where two or more trails meet. Trailheads may provide various levels of amenities, depending on trail type, location, and need. Trailhead amenities may include informational and directional signage, trash and recycling receptacles, pet waste stations, and bicycle parking. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Siting: Trailheads should be provided at easy-to-find locations that offer safe and convenient access, such as near major roadways and transit stops. ! Amenities: Trailheads may include the following amenities: » Identifying entry feature sign » Informational kiosk (trail system map, notice board, etc.) » Directional signage » Bicycle racks » Trash and recycling receptacles » Shade trees or structures » Seating (benches or picnic tables) » Fencing and gates (as needed) OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Parking: The need for a parking lot depends on trail popularity, demand for parking, and availability of nearby street parking. Trailheads that provide visitor parking may employ treatments to keep motor vehicles from entering the trail, such as regulatory signage and appropriate barriers, including landscaping or bollards. GUIDANCE American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 15 REST AREAS DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Amenities: Rest areas may include the following amenities: » Seating (benches or picnic tables) » Shade trees or structures » Interpretive signage » Water fountain (where feasible) ! Design Characteristics: In general, rest areas should have the following design characteristics: » Minimal change of grade and cross slope on the segment connecting the rest area with the pathway » Cross slopes on paved surfaces not exceeding two percent and cross slopes on non-paved surfaces not exceeding five percent » Firm and stable surface » Minimum length of 10 feet and width of four feet for a standard six foot bench or seat » ADA-accessible seating whenever any seating is provided Rest areas provide an opportunity for users to move off a trail to stop and rest. Periodic rest areas are beneficial, particularly for people with mobility impairments who typically expend more effort than other users. Rest areas are especially crucial when grade or cross slope demands increase. Rest area frequency varies depending on the terrain and intended use. Popular and more difficult trails should have more frequent opportunities for rest. GUIDANCE ADA Design Standards, ABA Accessibility Standards, American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox, U.S. Forest Service Trails Accessibility Guidelines 16 TURNOUTS AND VISTA POINTS A turnout is defined as either a widened section of trail that allows faster traffic to pass or a side path where users can pull over and rest off the main trail. Vista points are a type of turnout that offers scenic and culturally significant views and overlooks. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Amenities: Turnouts and vista points may include the following amenities: » Widened pathway » Interpretive signage » Directional and/or mileage signs » Seating (bench or picnic table) » Shade trees and native vegetation » Trash and recycling receptacle » Fencing as needed OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! If space permits, vista points should incorporate interpretive signage to provide an educational opportunity in an area where trail users are more likely to pause and take an interest in the history or significance of what they are viewing. ! If a vista point is located on a bridge deck, space may be limited and may only accommodate a widened pullout and, if room is available, a bench and signage. GUIDANCE ! American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 17 Trail Signage Signage and wayfinding are a fundamental part of a functional and comprehensive urban trail network. Effective wayfinding systems create well-structured pathways that help travelers identify their location, ensure they are traveling in the desired direction, reach and recognize their intended destination, and navigate junctions and other decision-making points. This section provides design guidelines and considerations for the development of trail and wayfinding signage. 18 TRAIL SIGNAGE OVERVIEW While trail signage varies depending on location, context, and purpose, all signage should be accessible, legible, and easy to understand by all trail users. Signs should be designed for immediate legibility from the perspective of a person walking or riding a bicycle. Signage designed for bicycles should consider a bicyclist’s intended lane position, height, and speed. For example, people riding bicycles should be able to see an upcoming sign from about 100 feet away. Bicyclists should not have to stop to read a sign, so signs must convey their message, ideally within a seven-second envelope. The following guiding principles should be applied when designing any trail signage to facilitate legibility and accessibility. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Text: » Ensure text is visible from roughly 100 feet away (i.e., capital letters should be 2 to 2 ½ inches tall). » Use mixed-case rather than all upper case. » Minimize the number of lines of text (i.e., no more than five lines of text). » Translate text into additional languages if there is a large population of people who speak a language other than English. » Ensure high contrast between text and background colors. ! Consistency: » Maintain a consistent color, font, and iconographic scheme. » Group related pieces of information using similar sizes and shapes. » Strive to position signs at consistent heights and locations on standard mounting devices. ! Legibility: » Use the shortest, most concise phrasing whenever possible. » Consider using icons to supplement text for people not fluent in English. ! Distance Measurements: » Include relevant distance markers (measured spatially in miles and/or temporally in minutes) on confirmation, decision, and wayfinding signs. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Branding: A branded trail system can establish a uniform quality, credibility, and experience across a city or region. The integration of consistent graphics, signage, and amenities can visually enhance the trail experience, encourage trail usage, and improve trail comfort. ! Naming: Naming trails simplifies navigation and enhances the sense of place. Naming trails should be intentional and celebrate the local history, culture, community, or environment. GUIDANCE AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, MUTCD, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 19 SIGNAGE TYPES Wayfinding Signage Wayfinding signage provides trail users with a general understanding of the route they are currently traveling, the areas it serves, and its terminus. Wayfinding signage functions best as a part of a system linked with area maps. At its foundation, a wayfinding system should provide fundamental information related to trail designation, destination, direction, and duration. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Designation: Signs should designate themselves as part of a branded wayfinding system or route by using a recurring and prominent logo, name, and color scheme. This information should be displayed prominently at the top of the sign. ! Destination: Destinations noted on wayfinding signage should be immediately recognizable and meaningful to users. Destination information is typically accompanied by direction and duration information. ! Direction: Directional arrows should be shown prominently on the same line as the destination. ! Duration: Duration information should include the distance to the destination (i.e., miles or feet) and may include an estimated walking or bicycling travel time (i.e., 10 minutes, 2 hours, etc.). Duration should be shown prominently on the same line as the destination. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Siting: Wayfinding signage should be installed where users may intersect the trail system. Wayfinding signage is often located at trailheads, access points, trail intersections, as well as periodically along trails and paths. ! Placement: Signs should be mounted in consistent, conspicuous locations with clear sightlines free of vegetation and other obstructions. To the extent possible, wayfinding signage should be mounted on a standalone pole or structure and should not be mounted to traffic signals, lighting, utility, or transit stop poles. The bottom of pole-mounted signs should be at least seven feet above the ground. 20 Trail Mileage/Distance Markers Trail mileage or distance markers installed at regular intervals along a trail help with orientation, safety, and comfort. Distance markers indicate distance traveled between access points and destinations and assure users they are on the right route. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Markers should be measured in miles and be installed at quarter-mile intervals. ! Markers should be designed to quickly and effectively communicate information. ! Short and concise text, high contrast between text and background colors, and any existing trail branding should all be considered when designing trail markers. Directional Signage Directional signs provide route and distance information to major destinations and amenities. Directional and other typical signage should occur primarily at staging areas, trailheads, and trail intersections. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Directional signs should be installed at access points and major intersections. ! Roadway names should be evident wherever shared- use pathways or natural surface trails cross them. ! Supplementary information, such as a map, may be added to directional signs at the discretion of individual agencies. Warning Signage Warning signs share important information to keep users safe on and off the trail. Warning signs may caution trail users about potential hazards, wildlife encounters, approaching intersections, off-limit or environmentally sensitive areas, or a trail’s difficulty level. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Warning signs should display information in a manner that is concise, bold, and easily understood. SIGNAGE TYPES Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 21 SIGNAGE TYPES Interpretive/Educational Signage Interpretive signage enhances a trail experience by providing unique information about the area’s history, culture, ecology, geology, and other relevant topics. Signs may feature local and regional ecology, people, environmental issues, and other educational information. Often, signs are placed at trailheads and vista points where users are more likely to spend time resting or enjoying the view. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Interpretive signs should be concise, easy to understand, and include the established branding for the trail system, if available. ! Interpretive signs can be designed and installed in a variety of styles, such as textual messages, plaques, markers, panels, kiosks, and art. ! Interpretive signs may be placed almost anywhere throughout the trail network. Their placement may coincide with a point of public interest, a scenic view area, or near a specific element of educational value. ! Interpretive signs may also include supplementary information via trail maps, educational brochures, QR codes, or other digital platforms such as augmented reality (AR) applications. Regulatory Signage Regulatory signage can be used to inform trail users of proper trail use and etiquette, which promotes user safety and comfort. It is important to post trail use regulations at key access points, such as staging areas and trailheads, as well as on maps, brochures, and other informational materials. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Regulatory signs should identify the managing agency, organization, or group and incorporate relevant rules and regulations from the managing party. ! When related to on-street routes, regulatory signage should conform to MUTCD standards. 22 Trail Amenities Trail amenities refer to a variety of features that can be installed along trails to enhance the trail user experience. Trail amenities can include, but are not limited to informational kiosks, trash and recycling receptacles, restrooms, drinking fountains, seating, shade trees or structures, bicycle or vehicle parking, fencing, public art, and more. This section provides design guidelines and considerations for the development of trail amenities, including: ! Furnishings ! Public Art ! Bridges ! Lighting ! Landscaping ! Fencing The trail amenities outlined in this section serve as a toolkit to guide the enhancement of existing trails and the development of new ones. This toolkit includes a menu of basic trail amenity options. However, additional trail amenities beyond those included in this document may be explored to meet unique community needs. Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 23 FURNISHINGS Trail furnishings provide services that increase trail safety, comfort, and enjoyment. Trail furnishings may include seating, drinking fountains, trash and recycling receptacles, bicycle parking, and emergency, pet waste, and fitness stations. Furnishings provided at each trail will vary depending on trail type, location, funding, and other contextual factors. While the type of furnishings will vary across trails, a cohesive family of furnishings creates continuity and reinforces the feel and look of the trail system. To the extent possible, the style, materials, and model of each furnishing type should be consistent throughout the trail system. The furnishings described in this section (as well as others not listed in this document) may be located at trailheads, staging areas, rest areas, and vista points along trails. Seating Seating, such as benches or picnic tables, provides trail users with a comfortable place to rest, admire the scenery, and gather with others. Seating can be located at trailheads, staging areas, rest areas, and vistas. Sometimes, benches and picnic tables can be funded or installed through memorial donations or community service projects. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Placement: » Benches and picnic tables may be interspersed or grouped, depending on the available space and terrain of the site. » Where possible, seating should be located adjacent to and on the north side of shade trees or structures to facilitate shaded seating during the summer. » Seating may be situated away from the trail if part of an interpretive station, special activity area, or vista. If located away from the trail, seating should be accessible via a connecting path. ! Accessibility: » When possible, seating with backs and at least one armrest to allow all users to easily support themselves as they sit or stand. » For paved shared use paths, seating should be set back three feet from the path and on an accessible paved surface. Space should be left adjacent to seating so people who use wheelchairs can rest next to their companions. ! Alternative Materials: In more rural or natural settings, seating can include the use of large boulders or logs. However, when possible seating should be designed for accessibility and comfort for all users. 24 FURNISHINGS Source: Rave Mobility Safety Drinking Fountains Where a potable water supply is available, drinking fountains or water refill stations should be installed at trailheads, staging areas, and rest areas. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Drinking fountains with high and low spigots and basins, a ground-level bowl for pets, and the ability to fill water bottles are recommended. ! Design, color, and style should be consistent throughout the trail system and provide an opportunity for public art or trail system branding. ! Trailheads, staging areas, or rest areas immediately adjacent to parks with drinking fountains may not require additional fountains. In these cases, signage should direct trail users to nearby drinking fountains. Trash and Recycling Receptacles Trash and recycling receptacles should be provided at all trailheads, staging areas, rest areas, and anywhere seating is provided. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Receptacles should be durable and secured to their locations to help prevent theft and vandalism. ! Receptacles should be placed near seating areas, but not directly adjacent to minimize odor impacts to those seated. ! Receptacles should be emptied regularly to prevent overflow and littering. ! When possible, receptacles should be accompanied by informational signage to educate the public about proper waste reduction and disposal practices. ! Design, color, and style should be consistent throughout the trail system and provide an opportunity for public art or trail system branding. Emergency Call Stations Emergency call stations may be provided for trail locations that are considered remote or have a history of crime. Stations typically have vandal-resistant emergency phone faceplates and always-lit blue beacons mounted on the top. The blue light remains on at night to assist with locating the user and flashes when the emergency phone is activated to draw attention to the location. Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 25 FURNISHINGS Bicycle Parking The potential for bicycle theft and lack of secure parking are often cited as reasons people hesitate to ride a bicycle to reach their destination. The same consideration should be given to bicyclists as to vehicle drivers, who expect convenient and secure parking to and from their destinations. Secure bicycle parking is an integral part of an interconnected urban trail system because it allows bicyclists to leave their bicycles unattended at their destination with ease and comfort. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Bicycle racks should be located in visible and well-lit locations. ! Bicycle racks should be no further from the trail entrance than the closest vehicle parking space and should not interfere with pedestrian movement. ! Bicycle racks should support the bicycle at two points and enable proper locking, allowing users to secure a typical U-lock around the frame and one wheel to the locking area of the rack. GUIDANCE Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals (APBP) Essentials for Bike Parking Fitness Stations Outdoor fitness stations provide trail users with opportunities to incorporate exercises into their walk, hike, or ride. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Fitness stations should be equipped with exercise equipment specifically designed for outdoor use. ! Fitness stations may be located at parks or trailheads, distributed along the length of a trail or path, or clustered in specific exercise areas as outdoor gyms. ! Clustering fitness equipment at trailheads improves trail system visibility, encourages socialization, and allows several people to use the station at one time. ! Fitness stations may include QR codes that provide guidance on how to use the equipment and exercise details. 26 FURNISHINGS Pet Waste Stations The popularity of people walking, jogging, and bicycling alongside their dogs on trails continues to grow. Trails provide an opportunity for dogs and their owners to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Providing pet waste stations makes it easier for trail users to properly dispose of their pet’s waste, which reduces environmental pollution and unpleasant odors along trails. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Pet waste bag dispensers should be provided in conjunction with trash receptacles or on stand-alone mounting posts in areas without trash receptacles. ! Pet waste stations should be equipped with signs stating the following: » All dogs must be on a leash or under the immediate control of a responsible person. » Owners are responsible for cleaning up after their pet. LANDSCAPING Landscaping along trails creates a welcoming environment for trail users, contributes to the sense of security for public safety, creates habitat for local wildlife, and provides environmental and public health benefits. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Plant Selection: Landscaping along trails should prioritize native and/or drought tolerant species and follow local plant palettes and preferred species lists. Like other trail system attributes, maintaining consistency in plant types, density, and maintenance will help solidify the trail system “branding” throughout the region. ! Visibility: Landscaping for trails adjacent to roadways should maintain open views between two and six feet above ground for added safety, visibility, and comfort. Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 27 PUBLIC ART DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Public art themes should celebrate the local culture, history, community, or environment. ! Public art along trails can incorporate sensory features like aromatic or seasonal plants, wildlife attractors such as water features, or outdoor musical instruments. ! Public art should be created by local artists to support community members. ! Public art should be visible from the trail, but should not obstruct trail or path use. However, tactical or sensory art should be placed within reach of trail users. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Trailheads: For many trail users, trailheads represent a trail’s visual identity. Site-specific art that explores narratives through interesting materials, color, and form can be used to mark each trailhead to help create a sense of welcome and discovery. ! Adjacent Infrastructure: Infrastructure adjacent to trails can also become a part of the overall trail system experience through the use of public art. For example, artistic markings can be incorporated into intersections and where trails cross roadways to draw attention to the trail system. Public art can make trails more interesting, enjoyable, and meaningful to trail users, which can help elevate a trail system from practical infrastructure to a valued community asset. Art can encourage public engagement and stewardship, as well as create a sense of identity for different trail systems that is either distinct or cohesive between trails. Public art can include, but is not limited to murals, sculptures, landscaping, lighting, and decorative walkways, benches, tables, or shade structures. 28 BRIDGES Bridges may be needed to aid in crossing rivers, streams, creeks, or roadways. Bridges also create opportunities for overlooks, habitat protection, and trail connections. Bridge type and design is often driven by the type of foundation best suited to the site, including local soils, bridge length, and load-bearing requirements. A civil engineer should be constulted to design and construct a bridge. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Type: Selecting a bridge type is site-specific and influenced by a variety of factors, including cost, style, and environmental compatibility. Bridges may be constructed from wood, steel, concrete, fiberglass, and more. ! Width: Bridge widths should, at a minimum, match the width of the trail. To allow use by emergency vehicles, the bridge should be at least 10 feet wide and constructed to an appropriate load rating. ! Decking: Bridge decking for a biking/pedestrian bridge should be durable and non-slip. Steel grating should be avoided because it is very slippery for bicycles when wet. If the chosen decking is treated wood planks, they should be laid perpendicular to the trail to prevent bike tires from catching on an edge and throwing the bicycle off balance. ! Railings: If the height from the deck of the bridge to the ground or watercourse channel below is 48 inches or more, railings are required for safety. Typical railing height is 42 to 48 inches. However, where equestrian use is permitted, the railing should be higher. Equestrians should dismount their horses and lead them across bridges or next to bridges that only cross shallow bodies of water. Since not all users will adhere to this rule, make rails sturdy and at least 54 inches in height when expecting horse traffic. In cases where the bridge crosses a roadway or railroad, a high, protective screening or fence (72 to 96 inches) should be considered. ! Approach: Sight lines onto the bridge should be free of obstructions, and the approach to the bridge should be wider than the trail to accommodate potential congestion on and near the bridge. ! ADA Accessibility: All bridges should be level and avoid a step-up if the trail is intended to be ADA- compliant. GUIDANCE California State Parks Trail Bridge Design and Construction, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 29 Properly installed, well-placed, and regularly maintained lighting will improve visibility and increase overall trail access and convenience – giving trail users a sense of security. Lighting allows users to see changes in path direction and any surface deformities and unevenness, reduces the possibility of user collisions with an object or each other, and allows trail users to recognize potential threats to their safety. The need for lighting should be carefully determined on a case-by-case basis. Trails themselves do not require lighting, but where there is a demonstrated need, such as in the urban setting of paved shared use paths, lighting can facilitate bicycle commuting at night. Appropriate signage and after-dark policies can support or prevent nighttime trail use. ! As appropriate, dark sky-compliant lighting should be selected to minimize light pollution cast into the sky while maximizing light cast onto the trail. Where special security problems may exist, higher illumination levels should be considered. ! Light Emitting Diode (LED), solar-powered, and adaptive control lighting fixtures should be used where appropriate to facilitate energy efficiency and savings. ! Matching or complementing light fixture styles and types with other site furnishings will strengthen the overall trail system “brand.” Lighting fixtures should be consistent along facilities or by brand. ! All light sources should provide a warm white colored light to visually enhance the trail system at night. GUIDANCE AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox LIGHTING DESIGN GUIDELINES Siting: ! Lighting should be provided in areas where nighttime use is allowed, such as: » Roadway crossings » Trail intersections with another trail or sidewalk » Trailheads and other access points » Bridge entrances and exits » Through tunnels and underpasses » Where nighttime security may be an issue » At unauthorized vehicle entry barriers » Along popular bicycle commute routes ! Lighting should not be considered where nighttime use is not expected, next to sensitive wildlife habitat areas, or adjacent to residential areas in darker rural areas of the trail system. Selection: ! Lighting should meet recommended horizontal and vertical clearances. Luminaires and standards should be at a trail-appropriate scale. Trail lighting fixtures will therefore be shorter and closer together than typical streetlamps to provide the same light intensity. 30 FENCING Fencing can serve multiple purposes along trail facilities, including controlling access, protecting habitat and private property, channeling trail users, and reducing liability concerns. Where fencing and gates are needed, they can incorporate design elements to match a trail’s theme or branding. Low Security Fencing Low security fencing provides a minimal level of access control and is intended to blend into its surroundings. It should be used in areas where trespass is not likely, but where adjacent uses, sensitive species, or habitats would benefit from limited disturbance. This fencing type has a rustic character and relatively open visibility, while still providing effective boundary delineation. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Fencing may be wood with wood cross members, rope, or galvanized cable between posts. ! Fencing should be at least 42 inches high when adjacent to shared use paths. Medium Security Fencing Medium security fencing is typically used for more stringent access control, such as immediately adjacent to sensitive habitat, private property, or other land uses where more access control is desired. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Fencing may be a standard galvanized chain link or it could be coated if a less conspicuous appearance is desired. In general, matte black is the least visually prominent compared to bare galvanizing. ! Fencing should be four to six feet tall to adequately exclude humans and dogs. High Security Fencing High security fencing is relatively costly and should be used only where a high level of security is necessary, such as adjacent to sensitive land uses or hazards from which trail users must be restricted. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Powder-coated or welded wire fencing with integrat ed metal posts is recommended. Conventional picket fencing may also be appropriate in certain situations. ! Closely spaced heavy-gauge wire can be used for trespass prevention as it eliminates the need for horizontal members (and potential hand or toe holds) and makes it difficult to insert bolt cutters. ! Evergreen vines can be used to provide visual screening and improve aesthetics. Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 31 FENCING Privacy Fencing Privacy fencing provides trespass prevention, security, and privacy for adjacent landowners. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! A six-foot concrete or concrete masonry privacy fence should be used where visual screening is necessary. ! While relatively costly, concrete construction increas es fence lifespan, reduces long-term maintenance costs, and blocks noise. ! Murals can be used to improve aesthetics, provide a sense of place, and deter graffiti. ! Graffiti-resistant coating can be used to reduce the impacts of vandalism. Decorative Fencing Decorative fencing can visually enhance a trail, trailhead, gateway, or surrounding neighborhood. Decorative fencing can act as a unifying design element throughout a trail system or as a standalone public art piece. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Fencing design, height, opacity, and style may vary depending on a trail’s setting and need for fencing. ! For large-scale installations, laser and water jet cutting and fabricating can be used to add artistic elements to any two-dimensional surface. Due to cost, such embellishments should be confined to major gateways or trailheads where they can help draw attention to the trail system. 32 FENCING Moveable Fencing Removable or moveable fencing, such as gates or bollards, can be used to stop unauthorized motor vehicles from entering, while still allowing emergency and maintenance access. However, this type of fencing can create barriers or hazards for trail users and should only be used if unauthorized vehicle encroachment is a documented issue or threat. DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Removable or moveable fencing may be installed where necessary, but must leave a flush surface when the barrier is removed. ! Removable or moveable fencing should not be used to force bicyclists to slow down, stop, or dismount. ! Bollards, plantings, or similar obstacles should, at a minimum, be: » Illuminated or reflective for night-time visibility and painted, coated, or manufactured to enhance daytime visibility. » Spaced to leave a minimum of five feet of clearance of paved area between obstacles. » Positioned symmetrically about the center line of the path to help mark and separate the travel directions. » Positioned so an even number of travel lanes are created, with a minimum of two paths of travel. An odd number of openings increases the risk of head-on collisions if traffic in both directions tries to use the same opening. » Placed with advance warning signs or painted pavement markings where sight distance is limited. » Placed 10 to 30 feet back from an intersection, and five to ten feet from a bridge, so bicyclists approach obstacles straight-on and maintenance vehicles can be pulled off-road. Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 33 TRAIL TYPE NAME OFF-STREET PARKING ON-STREET PARKING RESTROOMS MAJOR KIOSK WITH INFO & MAPS MINOR KIOSK WITH MAPS TRAIL NAME & REGULATORY SIGNS TRAIL USERS POST WITH ICONS GATEWAY MONUMENT OR OVERHEAD OVERHEAD SHADE STRUCTURES INTERPRETIVE FACILITIES PUBLIC ART VISTA PULLOUTS OR VIEWPOINTS PICNIC TABLES BENCHES TRASH RECEPTACLE DOG WASTE DISPENSER BICYCLE RACKS DRINKING FOUNTAIN SECURITY LEVEL LIGHTING PEDESTRIAN LEVEL TRAIL LIGHTING NON-NATIVE SHADE TREES & SHRUBS NATIVE TREES & SHRUBS Nature Trail Utility Corridor Shared Use Trail (Unpaved) Shared Use Path (Paved) Table 1-2: Typical Amenities by Trail Type TRAIL AMENITY SUMMARY Table 1-2 displays typical amenities that can be found along each trail type to guide the trail planning process. Trail amenity selection and implementation are dependent on cost, space, location, and resource constraints. 34 STAGING AREAS DESIGN GUIDELINES ! Amenities: Major staging areas may include the following amenities: » Identifying entry feature » Informational kiosk (trail system map, notice board, etc.) » Directional signage » Bicycle racks » Trash and recycling receptacles » Shade trees or structures » Seating (benches or picnic tables) » Water fountains or water refill stations » Off–street parking » Fencing and gates (as needed) » Restrooms or portable toilets » Minimal security lighting » Landscaping » Pull-through spaces for horse trailers (at specific staging areas) » Corral or horse tie-ups (at specific staging areas) Trail staging areas are similar to trailheads but are more substantial and located at major trail system access points. Staging areas typically provide more amenities than trailheads, such as restrooms, parking, and water fountains. Staging areas are located at popular trails that attract trail users from across a region and are designed to welcome and accommodate a greater number of trail users than a standard trailhead. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ! Restrooms: Portable toilets are interim facilities that may be provided in the early years of a staging area’s development. A restroom may be provided at a later date if demand warrants it. ! Parking: » Where on-street parking is readily available near a staging area, an accessible ramp should be provided where there is a curb, as well as an accessible route connecting the parking with the trail. » Staging areas that provide visitor parking may employ treatments to keep motor vehicles from entering the trail, such as regulatory signage and appropriate barriers, including landscaping or bollards. Parking should be provided in accordance with City standards and ADA requirements. » Parking may be provided at other nearby locations, such as at civic facilities and commercial centers through joint-use agreements with property owners. GUIDANCE American Trails Trail Hub, Rails to Trails Conservancy Trail Building Toolbox Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 35 E-Bike Guidance The rise in popularity, accessibility, and affordability of electric bicycles (E-bikes) in the United States have led to variety of opportunities and challenges for public agencies. Cities have implemented a mix of guidelines, ordinances, and policies to encourage the safe and comfortable use of E-bikes on trails and bicycle facilities. This section provides : ! Classification of E-bikes ! General Guidelines on Use of E-Bikes on Trails and Bicycle Facilities 36 DEFINITION OF E-BIKES Electric bicycles (e-bikes) have a small electric motor and battery that assists users with propulsion. A classification system was codified in November 2021 in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law). The approved definitions were organized into the following three classifications provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation: Class 1 E-Bikes Also known as “low-speed pedal-assisted electric bicycle,” are bicycles equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour. Class 2 E-Bikes Also known as “low-speed throttle-assisted electric bicycle,” are bicycles equipped with a motor that may be used exclusively to propel the bicycle, and that is not capable of providing assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 20 miles per hour. Class 3 E-Bikes Also known as “speed pedal-assisted electric bicycle,” are bicycles equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is pedaling, and that ceases to provide assistance when the bicycle reaches the speed of 28 miles per hour. These bikes are also equipped with a speedometer. Source: Smitty’s E-Bikes; Phoenix, AZ Urban Trail Design Guidelines | 2025 37 GENERAL APPROACHES TO REGU LATION State and local approaches to regulating the use of e-bikes vary by jurisdiction. At the State level, Arizona allows the use of Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes on most facilities. The City of El Mirage will have the primary responsibility for the regulation and enforcement of e-bikes on city roads and trails. The City is encouraged to collaborate with Public Safety and residents to adopt regulations and enforcement that reflect El Mirage’s priorities. The following example is a common set of regulations that can be explored by City officials: » Allow Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes on bicycle facilities (bicycle routes, bicycle lanes, separated bikeways) and paved shared-use paths. » Allow Class 3 e-bikes only on paved paths adjacent to arterial streets and highways. » Prohibit the use of any e-bike on natural-surface trails (such as the proposed trail along the Agua Fria River Wash) » Prohibit the use of any e-bike on city sidewalks » Prohibit the use of any e-bike for riders under the age of 16 EDUCATION AND BEST PRACTICES Signage The implementation of a wayfinding and regulatory signage program is a great way to communicate to residents and visitors what kind of e-bike is allowed to be operated. Signage can communicate what type of e-bike is allowed on a facility, point riders to appropriate facilities, and provide friendly reminders of rules of conduct to keep everyone safe. Education Education campaigns such as billboards, newsletters, radio messages, QR codes at trailheads, or online social media announcements can be used to create awareness surrounding newly adopted regulations surrounding the use of e-bikes. Partnering with local and regional advocates/nonprofits or bike shops is also an effective way to establishing relationships and transparency between the community of cyclists and the City. These groups can help with conducting bicycle trains or education campaigns rooted in best practices and rules of conduct to educate and motivate the community. Source: E-Bike Safety Advocates Blog Source: Singletracks Blog SUGGESTED GUIDANCE Electric Bicycle (E-bike) Trends, Impacts, and Opportunities: Literature Review Summary; Federal Highway Administration Office of Human Environment 38 Enforcement and Penalties The City can use a graduated approach when it comes to enforcing adopted rules for the use of e-bikes on shared use paths, trails, and bicycle facilities. Public safety departments often use the following: warning, education/training, and fines for repeated violations. The City will need to collaborate with the El Mirage Police Department and any other appropriate stakeholders, to develop an enforcement and penalties strategy. SAMPLE NEW ORDINANCE CHECKLIST The following checklist is a recommended starting point for developing an official ordinance that will help the City educate, enforce, and make the use of e-bikes safe and comfortable for all residents. » Adopt standard class of definitions for e-bikes (recommended to use the Federal definitions adopted by USDOT in 2021) » Create an “access matrix” that specifies the allowed e-bike classes by facility. This should include a table and map for staff and public safety to reference. » Create a wayfinding and regulatory signage program » Create an education plan in collaboration with local groups and bike shops » Launch a 12- to 18-month pilot program on selected corridors with baseline counts, speed monitoring, and a complaints log. Publish the results of this pilot program and collaborate with appropriate stakeholders to finalize recommended changes » Develop a “graduated” enforcement plan Source: E-Bike Adventures; Tucson, AZ