Presentation

11/5/2024
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Electric Vehicle 
Feasibility Study
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y   A N D   T E C H N O L O G Y   S U B C O M M I T T E E
November 8, 2024
Taking calculated risks to explore new technologies and 
innovative pilot programs that promote efficiency, 
productivity, sustainability and connectivity while 
demonstrating return on investment.
Strategic Goal
ELT Action Plan Item
Continue the replacement of aging City vehicles with 
electric and hybrid alternatives that generate return on 
investment. 
*Currently, there is not any language in a vehicle 
replacement policy that addresses alternative fuel vehicles 
and/or sustainability although Administrative Regulation 
updates are in process. However, staff always considers 
hybrid/EV options when looking at replacements on a case 
by case basis
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Current Fleet Stats
of City Fleet a Hybrid or 
Electric Vehicle
4%
Electric Vehicles
8
Hybrid Vehicles
28
Public Car Charging Ports
18
Fleet Designated Car 
Charging Ports
11
* 11 more will replace 
10 ICE vehicles in 
2025
Ford Maverick Hybrid
Mile Driven Per 
Year
5,000
Miles Per
Gallon
42
Gallons Per
Year
119.05
Cost Per
Gallon
$3.36 
Cost Per Year
$400.00 
Cents Per Mile
$0.08 
Annual Savings 
Vs. EV
$215.79
Vehicle Type Analysis
Chevrolet Bolt (EV)
Mile Driven Per 
Year
5,000
Miles Per
kWhr
3.8
kW Per Year
1315.79
Cost Per kWh
$0.14 
Cost Per Year
$184.21 
Cents Per Mile
$0.04 
Ford Maverick
Mile Driven Per 
Year
5,000
Miles Per
Gallon
25
Gallons Per
Year
200.00
Cost Per
Gallon
$3.36 
Cost Per Year
$672.00 
Cents Per Mile
$0.13 
Annual Savings 
Vs. EV
$487.79
* Average installation cost per charging station ranges from $15,000 to $90,000+
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Ford PIU Hybrid
Mile Driven Per 
Year
14,500
Miles Per
Gallon
24
Gallons Per
Year
604.17
Cost Per
Gallon
$3.36 
Cost Per Year
$2,030.00 
Cents Per Mile
$0.14 
Annual Savings
$835.88
Vehicle Type Analysis
Ford PIU ICE
Mile Driven Per 
Year
14,500
Miles Per
Gallon
17
Gallons Per
Year
852.94
Cost Per
Gallon
$3.36 
Cost Per Year
$2,865.88 
Cents Per Mile
$0.20 
* Average cost per charging station ranges from $15,000 to $90,000+
Police Comparison
Ford F-150 PPV
Mile
Driven Per Yr
14,500
Miles Per
Gallon
19
Gallons Per
Year
763.16
Cost Per
Gallon
$3.36 
Cost Per Year
$2,564.21 
Cents Per Mile
$0.18 
Vehicle Type Analysis
Ford Lightning PPV
Mile Driven Per 
Year
14,500
Miles Per
Gallon
1.5
kW Per Year
9666.67
Cost Per
kWh
$0.14
Cost Per Year
$1,353.33
Cents Per Mile
$0.09
Annual Fuel 
Savings
$1210.88
* Average cost per charging station ranges from $15,000 to $90,000+
Police Comparison
* If available
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$28,855
Vehicle Type Residual Value
2024 Toyota Camry 
Hybrid
MSRP
Residual Value After 10 
Years
$10,175
$26,420
2024 Toyota Camry
MSRP
Residual Value After 10 
Years
$7,750
$26,500
2023 Chevy Bolt (EV)
MSRP
Residual Value After 10 
Years
$3,775
$57,290
2024 Ford F-150 Lightning 
(XLT SuperCrew 4WD)
MSRP
Resale Value After Six 
Years
$17,925
$56,540
2024 Ford F-150 (XLT 
SuperCrew 4WD)
MSRP
Resale Value After Six 
Years
$19,900
Vehicle Type Resale Value
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Key Takeaways
•
There is no one size fits all solution for fleet electrification based on type 
of vehicle and usage.
•
Fleet electric vehicle availability to government agencies is limited.  
•
Current application of electric vehicle replacements is based on right 
sizing and vehicle replacement cycles. Current inventory replacement 
cycle is approximately 9 years. Converting to electric may take several 
years based on age of fleet and the propensity to keep vehicles longer.
•
Facilities sometimes lack sufficient infrastructure and electric utility 
capacity to support EV charging stations resulting in higher capital 
infrastructure investment to upgrade utilities therefore diminishing the 
ROI.
•
Residual value of hybrid vehicles is historically greater than both ICE 
vehicles and EV.
•
Based on fuel and electricity costs, hybrid represents an economic and 
sustainable alternative to both EV and ICE vehicles. (All things being 
equal) 
•
Auto manufacture’s EV strategy is changing due to evolving technology 
(Battery, Hybrid, and Hydrogen), shifting regulatory landscapes, and 
changing consumer preferences.
Electric Vehicle Availability
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CO2 Impact
• Average age of vehicle before 
it's scrapped is 180,000 miles
• Average conventional vehicle 
produces roughly 30 CO2 tons 
during its use
• Roughly 30% of energy used 
to charge electric vehicles is 
from renewable energy 
sources
• Problem with graph is it says 
at zero miles driven, zero CO2 
has been produced
• Have to take into account CO2 
generated during production 
of vehicle
CO2 Impact
• Production of a lithium car 
battery requires a massive 
amount of energy
• Conventional vehicle comes to 
showroom having produced 
roughly six tons of CO2
• Electric vehicle comes to the 
showroom having produced 
about 12 tons of CO2
• Would have to drive electric 
vehicle close to 90,000 miles 
to offset the CO2 penalty of a 
conventional vehicle
• To make an accurate 
comparison we need to make 
the ranges the same
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CO2 Impact
• A larger battery produces a 
much larger CO2 penalty
• For every ton of mined 
lithium, 15 tons of CO2 are 
emitted into the air
• In its projected life it produces 
more CO2 than a conventional 
vehicle
• It produces more CO2 but 
currently we measure it as 
producing none from the tail 
pipe
• Calling these vehicles "Zero 
Emissions" is unproductive
• Hybrids bring flexibility and a 
lower CO2 impact on the 
environment
CO2 Impact
• Hybrids are far more efficient 
than conventional vehicles
• Hybrid vehicles have a much 
smaller battery so the CO2 
impact is very similar to 
conventional vehicles while 
the end-of-life emissions are 
far lower
• To offset the CO2 produced 
from the electric vehicle you 
would have to drive a hybrid 
vehicle nearly 450,000 miles
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Strategic Goal
Taking calculated risks to explore new technologies and 
innovative pilot programs that promote efficiency, 
productivity, sustainability and connectivity while 
demonstrating return on investment.
ELT Action Plan Item
Complete the city’s fleet electric vehicle charging study and 
define the municipal role for placement of charging 
stations in the community
Public Car Charging
• Staff received a grant from Salt River Project (SRP) to conduct a fleet 
electrification plan
• Only considered fully electric vehicles even for heavy duty
• Cost prohibitive
• No hybrid or plug-in-hybrid vehicles included in the study
• Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Electrification Readiness 
Strategic Plan completed May 22, 2023
• U.S. Department of Energy shows a surplus of 253 charging stations 
based on the current demand
• Grants for new car charging stations are not to meet the current demand, 
rather to encourage the purchase of electric vehicles and remove any 
potential barriers for electric vehicle ownership
• 16 public car charging stations are located downtown
• Eight ports considered light use
• One port considered moderate use
• Seven ports considered heavy use
• Heaviest use is 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM
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• Charging stations are strongly encouraged in new developments through 
zoning stipulations
• Previous Council direction not to codify this
• 167 new stations added at commercial developments
• 124 new homes pre-wired for level two charging stations
• U.S. Department of Energy states that more than 80% of electric vehicle 
charging happens at home. The next highest used location for charging is at 
work
• Capacity has not been reached at current publicly available car charging 
stations downtown
• When repairs are needed, providers are non-responsive, and parts are 
often on back order
• Cost of infrastructure if power is not readily available is extremely prohibitive
• Electric vehicle market will soon be changing with introduction of Hydrogen 
fueled vehicles and solid-state battery electric vehicles
Public Car Charging
• Fleet vehicle purchases will be evaluated using a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) 
analysis, taking into consideration vehicle availability, intended purpose, 
infrastructure costs for charging stations, resale value, mileage, and cradle-to-grave 
CO2 emissions. The organization will prioritize the purchase of electric vehicles (EVs) 
when TCO analysis demonstrates cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits 
compared to ICE vehicles and HEVs.
• This policy will be reviewed annually to reflect technological advancements, market 
conditions, and infrastructure development. Adjustments will be made as necessary 
to maintain alignment with organizational goals and industry best practices.
• The organization is committed to reducing its environmental impact and 
operational costs through strategic fleet management. By utilizing TCO analysis and 
prioritizing EV and HEV acquisitions when feasible, we will enhance our 
sustainability efforts and ensure efficient and cost-effective fleet operations.
• City will require adequate charging stations at all new 
developments/redevelopments through developments agreements or zoning 
stipulations. Staff will include charging stations at new city facilities and parking lot 
rehabilitations where demand exists.
Recommended Policy
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Questions?
SUSTAINABILITY AND TECHNOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE
NOVEMBER 8, 2024
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